Post on 29-Dec-2015
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Chapter 6Chapter 6Planning Related IT ProcessesPlanning Related IT Processes
Paula GouldingPaula Goulding
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Chapter OutlineChapter Outline
Importance of planning to managementImportance of planning to management Levels of IT planning and implicationsLevels of IT planning and implications Strategic-level IT planningStrategic-level IT planning Tactical-level IT planningTactical-level IT planning Operational-level IT planningOperational-level IT planning Global considerations in IT planningGlobal considerations in IT planning
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Importance of ITImportance of IT
Must look across all other functions in Must look across all other functions in enterpriseenterprise
Must integrate business perspectives of Must integrate business perspectives of other functionsother functions
Support specific business requirements at Support specific business requirements at all levelsall levels
Deal with turbulent and dynamic Deal with turbulent and dynamic environmentsenvironments
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Layers of Management FocusLayers of Management Focus
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Components of Business Components of Business Strategic PlanningStrategic Planning
Define IT missionDefine IT mission Define IT policies to carry out missionDefine IT policies to carry out mission Define business processes, information, and Define business processes, information, and
information flowsinformation flows Define enterprise requirements for Define enterprise requirements for
information throughout strategic time periodinformation throughout strategic time period
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IT Strategy PlanningIT Strategy Planning
Evaluate alternate implementation of Evaluate alternate implementation of services, applications, and infrastructureservices, applications, and infrastructure
Define and prioritize strategic objectives with Define and prioritize strategic objectives with IS policiesIS policies
Obtain approval for IS strategic planObtain approval for IS strategic plan Control information systems strategic plan Control information systems strategic plan
against tactical performanceagainst tactical performance
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Application PlanningApplication Planning
Schedule of applications to be built or Schedule of applications to be built or modified within set period of timemodified within set period of time
Address key functions of enterpriseAddress key functions of enterprise Review existing and proposed applicationsReview existing and proposed applications
– Emerging technologiesEmerging technologies– Integrated processesIntegrated processes– Improved standards in development or Improved standards in development or
maintenancemaintenance
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Considerations in Considerations in Applications PlanningApplications Planning
Abandon traditional approaches based on Abandon traditional approaches based on long-term stability of business environmentlong-term stability of business environment
Alignment with strategic business objectives Alignment with strategic business objectives is paramountis paramount
Applications being considered should Applications being considered should demonstrate:demonstrate:– SalienceSalience– WorthWorth
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Dimensions of Application PortfolioDimensions of Application Portfolio
Organization’s dependence upon the Organization’s dependence upon the applicationapplication
Strategic impact of the applicationStrategic impact of the application
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Application Portfolio MatrixApplication Portfolio Matrix
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Application Prioritization MatrixApplication Prioritization Matrix
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Application Prioritization MatrixApplication Prioritization Matrix
Business impactBusiness impact– Ability of the application to deliver a business Ability of the application to deliver a business
benefitbenefit
Ease of executionEase of execution– How many resources the application will How many resources the application will
consumeconsume– How difficult it will be for organization to How difficult it will be for organization to
implement applicationimplement application
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Data PlanningData Planning
Dependent on outcome of application planDependent on outcome of application plan Data architecture may change to include:Data architecture may change to include:
– Merging data storage technologiesMerging data storage technologies– Changes to the database architectures by Changes to the database architectures by
vendorvendor– Integrated data processesIntegrated data processes– Improved standards in development or Improved standards in development or
maintenance of datamaintenance of data
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Objectives of Data PlanningObjectives of Data Planning
Facilitate cost-effective and timely Facilitate cost-effective and timely transformation of raw data into productive transformation of raw data into productive informationinformation
Facilitate reuse of data and information Facilitate reuse of data and information across the organizationacross the organization
Protect organization's data and information Protect organization's data and information assetsassets
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Success Factors of Data PlanSuccess Factors of Data Plan
Develop data models of key processesDevelop data models of key processes Define underlying shared data used by key Define underlying shared data used by key
processesprocesses Develop common definitions of “core” data and Develop common definitions of “core” data and
share with functional groupsshare with functional groups Develop common information/data models for key Develop common information/data models for key
processesprocesses Identify how proposed applications identified in Identify how proposed applications identified in
application plan affect dataapplication plan affect data Apply appropriate governance for data Apply appropriate governance for data
managementmanagement
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System Planning ObjectivesSystem Planning Objectives
Document which systems are planned for Document which systems are planned for developmentdevelopment
Document the justification for developing those Document the justification for developing those systemssystems
Identify time frames for developing those systemsIdentify time frames for developing those systems Document impact on IT architecture of developing Document impact on IT architecture of developing
those systemsthose systems Document any implications on organization's Document any implications on organization's
disaster recovery plandisaster recovery plan
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Network Planning ConsiderationsNetwork Planning Considerations
Impacts of recent Impacts of recent mergers on network mergers on network capacitycapacity
Impact of current Impact of current network capacity and network capacity and infrastructure of infrastructure of proposed applicationsproposed applications
Opportunities to Opportunities to standardize standardize components/servicescomponents/services
Opportunities to Opportunities to consolidate existing consolidate existing services and infrastructure services and infrastructure to enhance network:to enhance network:– ReliabilityReliability– AvailabilityAvailability– Service responsivenessService responsiveness– SecuritySecurity– ScalabilityScalability
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Network Planning ConsiderationsNetwork Planning Considerations
Security of network Security of network against threatsagainst threats
Recovery of network Recovery of network from catastrophesfrom catastrophes
Identification and repair Identification and repair of network performance of network performance issuesissues
Customer servicesCustomer services
Vendor management Vendor management and service agreementsand service agreements
Cross-border issuesCross-border issues Hardware upgrade planHardware upgrade plan Software upgrade planSoftware upgrade plan Capital investment planCapital investment plan
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Project PlanningProject Planning Uses results from application, data, Uses results from application, data,
network, and systems planning processesnetwork, and systems planning processes Define technically feasible and Define technically feasible and
manageable projectsmanageable projects Reflect strategic goals and directionReflect strategic goals and direction Plans includePlans include
– Specification of resourcesSpecification of resources– Time framesTime frames– Service level requirementsService level requirements
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Service Level Planning Service Level Planning and Managementand Management
Negotiates individual service agreementsNegotiates individual service agreements Identifies individual requests for recovery, Identifies individual requests for recovery,
security, and audit abilitysecurity, and audit ability Forecasting level and volume of service Forecasting level and volume of service
agreementsagreements Develops preventive maintenance planDevelops preventive maintenance plan
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Recovery Planning and ManagementRecovery Planning and Management Ensures continuation of business operations in Ensures continuation of business operations in
event of failure/disasterevent of failure/disaster Multiple contingency plansMultiple contingency plans Consolidate recovery requirements for all service Consolidate recovery requirements for all service
agreementsagreements Define business and IT recovery-operating Define business and IT recovery-operating
environmentenvironment Identify variances between operating environments Identify variances between operating environments
and agreementsand agreements Develop overall recovery planDevelop overall recovery plan
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Disaster Recovery Plan ElementsDisaster Recovery Plan Elements
Data recoveryData recovery Technology recoveryTechnology recovery Business-process Business-process
recoveryrecovery Crisis managementCrisis management Customer-support Customer-support
operationsoperations FacilitiesFacilities
Human resourcesHuman resources Procedures for key Procedures for key
suppliers and partnerssuppliers and partners Public relations and Public relations and
damage controldamage control Protection of Protection of
intellectual propertyintellectual property
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Elements of a Business-Continuity PlanElements of a Business-Continuity Plan
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9 Steps to Promote Continuity9 Steps to Promote Continuity
VisualizeVisualize ItemizeItemize PrioritizePrioritize CategorizeCategorize MinimizeMinimize
OrganizeOrganize RehearseRehearse Sponsor/ChampionSponsor/Champion Vigilant MonitoringVigilant Monitoring
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Security IssuesSecurity Issues
Unauthorized access to systemsUnauthorized access to systems Unauthorized access to confidential dataUnauthorized access to confidential data Virus attackVirus attack Denial of service attacks on Web sites and e-mailDenial of service attacks on Web sites and e-mail Illegal/unwanted use of computer Illegal/unwanted use of computer
systems/equipmentsystems/equipment Illegal use or monitoring of e-mail/InternetIllegal use or monitoring of e-mail/Internet Possible physical or virtual destruction of Possible physical or virtual destruction of
financial/administrative informationfinancial/administrative information
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Top 10 Triggers of Unethical Top 10 Triggers of Unethical Employee BehaviorEmployee Behavior
1.1. Efforts to balance Efforts to balance work and familywork and family
2.2. Poor internal Poor internal communicationscommunications
3.3. Poor leadershipPoor leadership
4.4. Work hours, work Work hours, work loadload
5.5. Lack of mgmt. Lack of mgmt. supportsupport
6.6. Need to meet sales, Need to meet sales, budget, profit goalsbudget, profit goals
7.7. Little recognition of Little recognition of achievementsachievements
8.8. Company politicsCompany politics
9.9. Personal financial Personal financial worriesworries
10.10. Insufficient resourcesInsufficient resources
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Audit Planning and ManagementAudit Planning and Management
Ensures agreed levels of audit and Ensures agreed levels of audit and compliance for systems, application, and compliance for systems, application, and services will be metservices will be met
Evaluate and ensure adequacy of internal Evaluate and ensure adequacy of internal systems of controlsystems of control
Securities and Exchange Act of 1934Securities and Exchange Act of 1934
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Fair Information PracticesFair Information Practices
1.1. NO personal record systems with secret NO personal record systems with secret existenceexistence
2.2. Rights of access, inspection, review, and Rights of access, inspection, review, and amendment to systems that contain information amendment to systems that contain information about individualsabout individuals
3.3. No use of personal information for purposes No use of personal information for purposes other than for intent it was gatheredother than for intent it was gathered
4.4. Managers are responsible for reliability and Managers are responsible for reliability and security and can be held accountablesecurity and can be held accountable
5.5. Governments have right to interveneGovernments have right to intervene
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Corporate Responsibility Audit StepsCorporate Responsibility Audit Steps Gain CEO commitmentGain CEO commitment Appoint steering Appoint steering
committee to guidecommittee to guide Appoint auditing team to Appoint auditing team to
develop questionsdevelop questions Diagnose corporate Diagnose corporate
culture and investigate culture and investigate functional areasfunctional areas
Analyze mission Analyze mission statementstatement
Seek reasons for Seek reasons for inconsistent performanceinconsistent performance
Collect relevant industry Collect relevant industry information, benchmark information, benchmark studies, competitor’s studies, competitor’s informationinformation
Interview stakeholders Interview stakeholders involved in functional involved in functional areasareas
Compare internal data and Compare internal data and external perceptionsexternal perceptions
Write final report for Write final report for managers and audit managers and audit steering committeesteering committee
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Capacity Planning ImportanceCapacity Planning Importance
Reduces customer dissatisfactionReduces customer dissatisfaction– Identify potential bottlenecksIdentify potential bottlenecks
Reduces productivity declineReduces productivity decline– Ensures systems can handle peak timesEnsures systems can handle peak times
Reduces budgetary constraintsReduces budgetary constraints– Upgrades budgeted ahead of timeUpgrades budgeted ahead of time
Improves stabilityImproves stability– Can identify problems ahead of time and avoid or Can identify problems ahead of time and avoid or
predict thempredict them
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Organizational IT Capacity PlanningOrganizational IT Capacity Planning
Capacity planning process Capacity planning process maturity levelmaturity level
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Level 1Level 1 Reactive; firefightingReactive; firefighting
Level 2Level 2 Efficient: professional and Efficient: professional and sophisticated firefightingsophisticated firefighting
Level 3Level 3 Fewer fires; analysis of problems, Fewer fires; analysis of problems, start of process improvementstart of process improvement
Level 4Level 4 Process includes procedural Process includes procedural improvementimprovement
Level 5Level 5 Process becomes self-correctingProcess becomes self-correcting
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Skills Planning ProcessSkills Planning Process Define manpower requirementsDefine manpower requirements Consolidate manpower required to support Consolidate manpower required to support
project and system plansproject and system plans Identify existing and planned manpower skillsIdentify existing and planned manpower skills Establish and evaluate alternate manpower Establish and evaluate alternate manpower
plansplans Define effective education planDefine effective education plan Document manpower and education plansDocument manpower and education plans
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Budget Planning and Value ManagementBudget Planning and Value Management
Converts systems plans into financial termsConverts systems plans into financial terms Identifies how funds will be obtainedIdentifies how funds will be obtained Identifies how funds will be allocatedIdentifies how funds will be allocated Decouple budget planning process from Decouple budget planning process from
strategic planning processstrategic planning process
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Vendor Planning and ManagementVendor Planning and Management
Outsourcing of services and other IT Outsourcing of services and other IT processesprocesses
Measure and monitor performanceMeasure and monitor performance Determine corrective action if necessaryDetermine corrective action if necessary Make readjustments if necessaryMake readjustments if necessary
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Management Systems Planning and Management Systems Planning and MonitoringMonitoring
Collect and summarize IT organization dataCollect and summarize IT organization data Compare results to IT organizational Compare results to IT organizational
objectives and standardsobjectives and standards Diagnose deviation or substandard Diagnose deviation or substandard
performanceperformance Analyze variance and initiate Analyze variance and initiate
effectiveness/efficiency improvementseffectiveness/efficiency improvements
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Management Systems Planning and Management Systems Planning and MonitoringMonitoring
Define detailed requirements based on Define detailed requirements based on enterprise policiesenterprise policies
Evaluate alternative standards, procedures, Evaluate alternative standards, procedures, methodologiesmethodologies
Design solutionsDesign solutions Publish instructions for use of standards, Publish instructions for use of standards,
procedures, and methodologiesprocedures, and methodologies Installing solutionsInstalling solutions
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Operational Level IT PlanningOperational Level IT Planning
Day-to-day administration and execution of Day-to-day administration and execution of processes and plansprocesses and plans
Project-related plansProject-related plans Effective implementation of requirements at Effective implementation of requirements at
strategic and tactical levelsstrategic and tactical levels PMBOKPMBOK