THE SUNDAY STAR. D. C.. JUNE 15. 1930—PART FOUR.

I AVIATIONBY JOSEPH S. EDOERTON.

IF the Army Air Corps decidesto adopt the two-place pursuitplane after this revolutionarytype of military aircraft is put

to the test this Summer, therewill come the troublesome prob-lem of determining the effect ofthe plane on military aviation.

There are several schools ofthought in the Air Corps on thetwo-seaters and the results oftheir arguments are going tomake very interesting watchingfor every one interested in aero-nautics, especially military aero-nautics.

There are some who predictthat the two-seater will alter thewhole fabric of military aviation;that the dog-fight of the WorldWar will become a thing of thepast and that the very make-upof groups and wings must bechanged to meet the new condi-tions.

One group in the Air Corps ises the opinion that the two-seater will make the pursuit planeof today as extinct as the famousold “Jennie” training plane, whichis plenty extinct. Another groupadmits that the two-seater willrun the single-seater out of themiddle air, but that at extremealtitudes the single-seater willreign supreme, as it does today.A third group has naught butsneers and jeers for the two-seater, saying that it will find noplace whatever in the militarystructure.

Plane Ready Soon.

The Army's first experimentaltwo-place pursuit plane now isnearing completion in the Balti-more plant of Berliner-Joyce Air-craft Corporation. It is slated togo, upon completion, to Wright

Ohio, the Army AirCorps'materiel division base. Heretest pilots will put it through aseries of flight tests, which mayhave a profound effect on the fu-ture of Army aviation. Or, per-haps, no effect at all.

The Navy also has two-seatertroubles. There is at the Anacos-tia Naval Air Station a two-seaterCurtiss fighter, which correspondsto the Army pursuit plane. This

Elane, officially designated by aorrible conglomeration of letters

and numerals, to wit, “XFBC-4,”isIn process of flight testing, andthe opinions in the Navy regard-ing its place and worth are manyand varied.

Apparently in the Navy, how-ever, there is not so much doubtover where a two-seater shouldfit into the existing structure, ow-ing to the fact that Navy fightersare not confined to pursuit work,as in the Army, but also are usedfor light bombardment. This di-versity of use for a single type of

{>lane makes it easier to adoptnto the happy family such a

struggling foundling as a straytwo-seater or other variation ofthe conventional.

His Majesty, Pursuit.In the Army, however, the sin-

gle-seater pursuit plane alwayshas had its niche on the heights,serene and alone. All pursuitshave been single-seaters since thebeginning and all pursuit planesare pursuits and nothing else.The very idea of a two-seaterpursuit, quite conceivably, maycome as something of a shock tothe righteous and high-mindedpursuit pilot, accustomed from theyear 1 P. A. (pursuit aviation) toflying alone and protecting hisrear elevation from inimical, hos- jtile and unkindly enemy fire bysuperior manipulation of rudder jbar and control stick.

It may be that pursuit pilotsfeel, deep in their belligerentbosoms (belligerency at all timesis the first duty of the pursuitpilot), that the pilot of a pursuitplane who needs a gunner on theback porch to protect his tail isa pretty low sort of fellow andone with whom it might not doto mingle too much socially, atleast not until he had been triedin the crucible of duty and foundnot wanting.

A Sedate Pursuiter.It would appear that the two-

seater will not be called upon forquite the same strenuous acro-batics the pilot of the single-seater must invoke for safety.Guns in a rear cockpit may be re-lied on to make a much morestately lady out of the two-seaterthan her hoydenish sister, thesingle-seater.

When a man must depend upontwo guns fixed so that they maybe pointed only by pointing thewhole plane, he requires whatagility his plane may muster tobring those guns to bear on atwisting and elusive target. Bythe same token, when he is thepursued, that same pilot, sansguns behind, welcomes any kindof maneuver, no matter howgiddy, to get him out of reach ofhis foe and into position to pressa trigger and make said foe a goodIndian instanter.

Consider, however, the two-seater. In the front seat is apilot. He is a pursuit pilot andtherefore looking for trouble, as

EUROPEAN AIR TRAVEL

SYSTEM IS SIMPLIFIEDIncreasing Traffic by American

Plane Owners Leads to Diplo-

matic Questionnaire Scheme.

As a result of the increasing disposi-tion of American private plane ownersand the agents of American manufac-turers, seeking to gain a foreign marketby demonstrations of their planes, tomake air trips over continental Euro-pean countries, a simplified system ofhandling the diplomatic arrangementsfor such flights is being worked out, theDepartment of Commerce has been in-formed.

As a means of obviating unnecesarydelay and confusion regarding suchflights, a questionnaire has been madeup unofficially at the suggestion of HughR. Wilson. United States Minister toSwitzerland, to assist owners of UnitedStates planes in Europe.

The questionnaire, according to thedepartment, applies only to existingSwiss regulations, but in the main ap-plies also to regulations of most Euro-pean countries, and if followed wouldgreatly expedite the diplomatic transac-tions It Is believed. The questionnaire•overs points of information regardingthe plane. Insurance, equipment of theplane, purposes of the trip, approxi-

mate Itinerary, status of the pilot, andguarantee* of responsibility.

i all pursuit pilots must. Findingtrouble, he has two good gunsmounted ahead as In the ordinary

, pursuit plane to assist him in! dealing with trouble as seems to

him most fitting.Behind him, in a rear cockpit,

]is a bloodthirsty young gentle--11 man, also seeking whomsoever he

may pump full of lead. To assistjhim in carrying out his lethal in-tentions there are two machineguns, on a universal mounting, so

: they may be swung nimblyaround, this way and that.

Staring De Luxe.

i Where the pilot of the single-| seater must twist his poor headj round and round like an owl ona branch, gazing now up, now

! down, now ahead, now behind, thepilot of the two-seater can leavea goodly share of this staring andspying about to his companion or

| accomplice in the rear cockpit,j The pilot of the single-seatermust be prepared on the instantto flip around like a nervous her-

jring in a dip net to meet troublefrom any point of the compass.He must be on the qui vive,twisting this way and the other,

; like a doubting Daniel in a lions’den.

The pilot of the two-seater,! however, if he be an optimist,

1 may place some trust in the manbehind to pop away at any enemy

[Who may try to sneak up fromj the rear. He need have lessworry about dislocating a rib by

I squirming around in his seat ortying up his neck like a pretzel

| while peering and prying in the: danger area behind the tail of hisplane. Thus he may be able to

! save himself not a little mental1 irritation, with the probabilitythat some day he may make a

! more soothing sort of major or! colonel, providing the Air Corps; promotion bill passes, or he livesto enjoy active duty at the age of

i 55 or 60 years.

The Mission of Pursuit.

The statement of the funda-mental principles for the employ-ment of the Army Air Corps has

| this to say about the pursuit air-plane:

“The main characteristic thatmust be embodied in this designis that which will encourage thepilot always to attack, whatevermay be his mission, as the offen-sive spirit is the very essence ofpursuit employment.”

Those who favor the two-seater point out that two gentle-men of a pursuit outfit can bemuch more offensive than one, nomatter how marked his capabili-ties in this line, and that there-fore a twr o-seater pursuit planeshould fairly bristle with pug-nacity and may confidently beexpected to swagger around thesky seeking foemen upon whomto test all the theories of war atonce.

Because of its rear guns thetwo-seater may make itself thor-oughly obnoxious in several di-rections at fine time, and so need

i not fillip and curvet all over thesky, as must the single-seaterwhen appears the wily foeman.

This, according to the school ofstrategy which favors the two-seater, makes this type of planepeculiarly fitted to convoyingbombardment, attack and obser-

| vation planes. In order to do anysort of a job of fighting the sin-gle-seater must adopt dog-fight-ing tactics. While so doing hecan’t do much convoying of anysort of airplanes.

Suited to Convoy Duty.The two-seater, how’ever, can

put up a good deal of a row withits rear guns and still keep onwith its business of acting asaerial watchdog over bombard-ment, attack and observationwhile these more lowly forms ofaircraft are doing their best, eachin its own humble way, to dish upto the enemy overflowing portionsof havoc and horror.

The designing of a two-seater,however, as with all airplanes, Isa matter of compromise. In or-der to get the extra man andguns aboard more weight mustbe carried. The plane must belarger and heavier. Its speed maybe reduced and its maneuverabil-ity probably will be reduced quitenoticeably in comparison withthe single-seater. Its ability toclimb also probably will suffer.

It is likely that single-seaterswill be able to outclimb the moreheavily-armed two-seaters, and inaerial fighting altitude always isone of the supreme advantages.Therefore there are many in theAir Corps who believe that, nomatter how successful may be thetwo-seater, there will remain ne-cessity for the light single-seaterto patrol the icy reaches far “up-stairs.”

And so those who see the newexperimental two-seater goingthrough its paces mav be inclinedto think at first blush that it ismerely another airplane. But itreally is more than that, in allprobability. It may even be anew era, so far as Army aviation

i is concerned.

AMERICANS TO EXHIBITPlanes Will Be Flown at Swedish

International Show.American airplane and engine manu-

facturers who are attempting to buildup foreign markets are to be among theexhibitors in an international aeronau-tical exhibit to be held at Stockholm,Sweden, September 6 to 28. under theauspices of the Royal Swedish Institutefor Scientific Research and the RovalSwedish Aero Club.

According to reports received by theDepartment of Commerce, the compa-nies will be given an opportunity to dem-

, onstrate their planes by flying themfrom the Stockholm airport.

Plane Gets Gear Tests.( The experimental Boeing FSB-1Navy monoplane fighter, which has, I been undergoing flight tests at the

Anacostia Naval Air Station, has beenput through arresting gear tests at the• Hampton Roads Naval Air Station

Completion of the tests was delayed b\the breaking of a tail skid in binding

Canadian Air Lines Active.¦ MONTREAL (/Pi.—There were nearly; 100 commercial air lines operating in¦ Canada on April 25 last. Os these 10• ; were operating regular, schedule serv-l ices over routes having a total mileage| Os 6,944.

LEGION STUDENTS jPUT IN BUSY WEEK,

r Six Members of District Fly-

r ing Club Go Up Alone? in One Day.

The past week has been one of the¦ | busiest in the history of the District ofi Columbia Air Legion, local private fly-ing club, including the soloing of six

, students in one day and the flying ofmore than 11 hours of instruction time

I in the -single training plane on another jday.

A new record for airplane flying timein a single day since the Legion wasestablished, more than two years ago.was piled up when the OX-5 Birdtraining p’ane. the third ship the Le-gion has owned, put in 11 hours and 35minutes in the air in dual and solo fly- ;

; ing time between dawn and sunset. ITwenty-three students flew periods of 1a half-hour each.

Booked Ahead for Flights.

The plane is booked ahead for flights,which are run off like a dentist's sched-

, ule, except, of course, that the “victims’*contend that the sensation is much

I more delightful. During the two monthssince the Bird was purchased the littleplane has been in the air more than 170'hours.

Flying time begins at sun-up on goodmornings, the “early birds” turning outat the Legion field, near Alexandria,Va.. at 4:30 am. to put in flying timebefore reporting for work in Govern-ment offices or business houses in thiscity.

The Legion soloed its third girl stu-dent during the week when Miss Har-riett M. Sackett, an employe in theState Department, who lives at 1330 Lstreet, took the training plane up alonefor the first time after 8 hours and 15minutes of dual instruction. She shovedoff at 4:30 a.m. one morning duringthe week and made three very goodlandings before her half hour was up.

Narrowly Escapes Crack-Up.

When she landed, Edward Dew-ey,1650 Irving street, took off solo for thefirst time, and after a narrow escapefrom a crack-up In the take-off, whenan extension pedal on the rudder barslipped out of place, made a good flightand landing. Instructor William C.Buell then checked out two studentswho had soloed once before, but haddropped flying and had to be resoloed.They are Philip Alter, 1733 Twentiethstreet, and James Kausen, 229 Penn-sylvania avenue.

Charles A. Mason also was checkedout on the Bird after a single soloflight last November, since when hehad not flown. The dav came to aclose when Alfred Haigley, 1444 wstreet, was soloed in the evenire afterabout seven hours of dual Instruction.

NAVY AVIATION OFFICERSASSIGNED TO NEW POSTS

Capt. Berrien Ordered to Navy

Yard Here—Capt. WhitingGoes to Hampton Roads.

The Navy Department has an-nounced a number of transfers ofnaval aviation officers which affect

; those on duty in the National Capital.I I Capt. Frank D. Berrien, who has

been ordered detached from the com-,! mand of the U. S. S. Lexington, air-I craft carrier, is to report about July 5

,! for duty at the Washington Navy Yardi as captain of the yard,j Capt. Kenneth Whit:ng, who as chiefI of staff of the Aircraft Squadrons, Bat-

! tie Fleet, led the two reviews of the: 130 planes of the squadrons over the

• National Capital and up the East Coast,will be detached from that post about

, June 23 for duty at the Naval Air Sta-} tion. Hampton Roads, Va. His post asJ chief of staff will be filled by Capt.

I Arthur B. Cook, commander of the•i U. S. S. Langley. The Langley will be

commanded by Capt. Rufus F. Zog-baum, jr., formerly in command of theU. S. S. Wright.

Lieut. Robert H. Harrell is to be de-tached from duty in the Bureau ofAeronautics here about June 24 forduty with VP-9B Squadron, AircraftSquadrons, Battle Fleet.

Lieut. Wilbert M, Lockhart, who hasbeen on duty in the Massachusetts Ih-stitute of Technology, which Is con-

-1 ducting extensive aeronautical researchwork, will come to duty in the Bureauof Aeronautics here this month.

: j *

AIRCRAFT CORPORATIONPURCHASE APPROVED

North American Aviation, Inc., Of-

fers to Acquire Berliner-Joyc*

Group of Baltimore,

i Special Dispatch to The Star.BALTIMORE, June 14.—An offer of

j the North American Aviation, Inc., toI acquire the Berliner-Joyce AircraftI Corporation of this city has been ap-

proved by the board of directors of theBaltimore corporation.

The plan calls for the formation of anew corporation and the exchange of

, Berliner - Joyce Aircraft Corporationclass A stock, share for share, for classA stock of the new corporation. In ad-dition to this, stockholders In the localcompany will receive an option to con-vert their new stock on a basis of twoshares for one of North American Avia-tion, Inc.

North American Aviation. Inc., is oneol the outstanding aviation holdingcompanies in the country. It ownslarge blocks of stock in many of theleading manufacturing arid operatingaircraft companies, in addition to own-ing outright the Sperry Gyroscope Co.,the Ford Instrument Co., formerlyknown as the Pitcairn Aviation Corpo-ration.

Byrd Aide Reports for Duty.Following the return of the Byrd

Antarctic expedition to Panama re-cently, Ensign Joe De Ganahl, NavyReserve, reported for 30 days’ activeduty at the Air Station, CocoSolo, Canal Zone, according to a re-port to the Navy Bureau of Aeronau-tics. Ensign De Ganahl returned withthe expedition from New Zealand.

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! THE GIRLS SPROUT WINGS

Jr mBBm sflfi lay \¦**/ Jr*

mmm %

Throe girl members of the District of Columbia Air legion, local privateflying club, have joined the aviation elect this year. All three have soloed andtwo have won their private pilot licenses. Left to right are Miss Mary M. Craig,Miss Frances L. Jackson and Miss Harriett M. Sackett, all Federal employes. MissSackett soloed during the past week. —C# O. Buckingham Photo.

33 FLYING CADETS NAMED

Will Begin Flight Training onFirst of Next Month.

A total of 33 enlisted men. 31 fromthe Air Corps and 2 from otherbranches of the Army, have been ap- !pointed flying cadets, and will begin Iflight training July 1. Twenty-three jwill go to Brooks Field, the Air Corps jprimary flying school, San Antonio, Tex., |and 10 to the primary school at MarchField, Riverside, Calif.

All but two of the candidates aremembers of the Air Corps, the excep-tions being Pvts. Edgar B. Franklin, 3dCavalry, Fort Myer, Va., and NormanK. Dixon. 2d Medical Regiment, FortSam Houston. Tex., both of whom willgo to Brooks Field.

GLIDING MADE EASYSimple Device Eliminates Neces-

sity of Launching Crew.

One of the greatest drawbacks to theadoption of gliding as a private sporthas been the necessity for a fairly

1 large crew for shock cord launchings.This difficulty has been overcome by asimple apparatus which permits oneman in a car to do all the work oflaunching.

The tail of the glider Ls fastened to areleasing device staked to the ground.A single shock cord is used, and Lsstretched by the automobile until acertain predetermined tension is reached,when the tail f s released automaticallyand th- glider is catapulted as in thenormal shock cord launching.

AIR LINE EQUIPPINGPLANES WITH RADIO

Eastern Transport Also WillInstall Artificial Horizon

on Mail Planes.

Installation of radio equipment inthe airmail planes of Eastern Air¦ Transport in anticipation of the com-pletion by the Department of Com-merce of radio range equipment on theNew York-Atlanta-Miami airway pass-ing through this city was begun duringthe past week.

The first mail plane to be providedwith the complete radio Installationwas flown to Boonton, N. J . where theequipment is being installed at the |company's radio frequency laboratory junder direction of F. E Grav. radioengineer. The plane, which was fer-ried to the laboratory by Pilot WalterJ. Shaffer, also is equipped with theSperry artificial horizon, which assiststhe pilot in keeping the plane in levelflight in the densest fog.

Service Teats To Be Made.The first plane to be radio equipped

will be put in regular service and willbe used to acquaint each pilot on theline with the combined operations ofthe radio range beacons and theSperry horizon. After it has been putthrough service tests under all condi- Itions and the necessary changes andcalibrations are made, every mall plane Iflying the New York-Atlanta sectionwill be equipped with both radio andartificial horizon.

When all the planes on the New! York-Atlanta section have been equip-

ped, work will be started on those inj use on the southern half of the line, jFollowing the radio installation work.Mr. Gray plans to co-ordinate the

Eastern Air Transport private teletypesystem, the radio system and other jmeans of communication used by thecontract airmail line into a modelcommunications unit, which will be ofvalue not only to the airmail servicebut to air passenger services which'may be flown along the line.

Aids Blind Flying.The Sperry horizon is regarded by

pilots on the line as one of the mostvaluable aids to blind flying yet in-1stalled in the mall planes. An arti-ficial horizon line is provided and ismaintained in a constant position withrelation to the earth's surface by gyro- jscopic control. The relationship be- 1

Air Station OfficerSubject of AmusingError In Document

Amusing typographical errorssometimes creep into the mostofficial of Government documents.Naval aviation people have beengetting a chuckle out of this one.which slipped into the Bureau ofAeronautics news later under thenotes from the Naval Air Station,San Diego. Calif.:

"The station force completedthe concrete paving of the newseaplane hangar and started workon the superstructure of the dis-bursing officer at the WestBeach."

Perhaps they thought the "D.O." was holding out on somebody.

MAKE MAIL AGREEMENTUnited States and Germany Trade

Plane Privileges.

A reciprocal agreement between theUnited States and Germany coveringship-to-shore airplane service has beenreached through the efforts of the aero-nautics branch of the Department ofCommerce. The branch, in return forits action in permitting airplane flightsfrom the steamship Bremen to NewYork on eight runs of the steamer thisSummer, exacted assurances that Amer-ican aircraft would be accorded similarprivileges in German territory.

The flights from the Bremen to NewYork are being made by a Heinkel HE--12 plane, which is to be launched bycatapulting from the vessel. Jobst vonStudnitz is pilot and Karl Kirchhoff

; radio operator of the plane. One ofI these landings was made during thepast week, and the others are scheduled

| to be made June 6. June 25, July 14,July 31, August 19 and September 4,according to the German embassy.

tween the position of the airplane andthe earth is indicated by a small air-plane silhouette painted above the ar-tificial horizon. The painted silhou-ette moves as the airplane moves; thehorizon remaias fixed with relation-ship to the earth. By "flying" the sil-houette on a level with the artificialhorizon, the pilot keeps his plane inlevel flight.

The installation is being made foraural beacon signals, the pilot's earstelling him whether he is on course,ofT course, and to which side he is off.Installation of the beacon stations isin progress all along the line except Inthe National Capital, where location ofthe site has been delayed because ofuncertainty regarding the local airportsituation. i

AIR POST IN TEXAS •

WILL BE DEDICATEDRandolph Field, at San Antonio,

Is Designed as Center ofArmy Corps Training.

SAN ANTONIO. Tex. (4h RandolphField, where the Army Air Corps willcenter its training in the world's largestflying school, will be dedicated June 30and 21.

Citizens of San Antonio officially willdonate a site of 2,300 acres on whichthe Government has begun constructionof a station designed eventually to havea population of between 4,000 and 5.00 P

I persons.Two units of the field will be con-

structed at a cost of SB,OOO 000 for the' training now given at March Field

Riverside, Calif., and Brooks Field, nearhere.

I-ater the Air Corps plans to completeits air academy with an additional unitto take the place of Kelly Field, wh-readvanced training is given.

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ifSifHUDSON’Sgreat eight

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Again Hudson scores 100? S in winning the highest p-^

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- m THB ch'Z iWrnlAgainst eighty-seven cars from every country com- Jjjjjf / /peting, Hudson’s Great Eight won the Ansaldo 1.///V/ -dC _

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