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HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

ENERGY STORAGE IN THE GRID

14 Nov 2017

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Dra. Tatiana Romero Castañón

Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Systems

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The Importance of Energy Storage in Mexico

• Energy Storage as the solution to close the gap of

Renewable Energy Tecchnology Intermittance.

• Mexico has committed to generate 35% of its electricity by

renewable sources for 2024, according to the Energy

Transition Law.

• At INEEL, the objective is to develop energy storage

technology to accelerate the usage of renewable energy

to open up a new high-value supply chain.

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INEEL´s achievements in the last 16 years:

Proton Exchange Memebrane Fuel Cell

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• Infrastructure• Know-how• Human

resources

Catalyst, Membrane…Heart of thetechnology

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Membrane Electrode Assembly

10 -20 μm

Catalyst Layer

~50 μm127 μm

Nafion® 115

190- 350 μm

Catalyst Coating Membrane CCMMPL

Gas diffusion backing

Gas diffusion layer ( GDL)

MPL

~50 μm

Gas diffusion backing

190- 350 μm

Pt/C particlePTFE

Gas diffusion layer (GDL)

Anode (-) Cathode (+)10 -20 μm

Catalyst Layer

Ionomer

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Hydrogen PEMFC

COMPONENTS

• Catalyst

• Support

• Ion Exchange

Membrane

• Bipolar Plates

• Seals

• Current collector

and end platesANODO(oxidación

combustible)

CATODO(reducción de óxígeno)

ELECTROLITO

ELECTRONES

GENERADOS

ELECTRONES

CONSUMIDOS

entrada

hidrógeno

entrada

aire (O2)CARGA

MEAs

PowerSystem

PEMFC Demonstration Systems

Hybrid Power plant for an EV

Scooter

Stationary low power system

BOP CONTROL AND POWER ELECTRONICS DEVELOPMENT: BIG ASSET !!!

Where do Fuel Cells fit within the

Energy Storage Scenario?

The largest markets for fuel cells today are in stationary power, portable power, auxiliary power units, backup power, and material handling equipment

Fuel Cells Pros:

• Efficiency

• Start-up time

• Dynamic Behavior

• Resiliance

LCOS of various technologies for

100MW, 800MWh storage

1) Lazard calculations of LCOS (Levelized Cost of Storage) Assumptions:

• Values for high-power, long-duration (100MW, 800MWh) energy storage system envisioned for applications such as integrationof renewables:

• Technical Assumptions: 1 charge/discharge cycle per day, 350 days per year operation, 20 year lifetime

• Cost calculation includes: initial capital cost, periodic replacement batteries during 20-year lifetime, Operation & Maintenance

• LCOS was not calculated for a flywheel system since this technology would never be used for a 100MW/800MWh application

2) INEEL estimate of the LCOS value for a high-power, long duration storage system based on PEM-based electrolyzers and fuel cells.

Alkaline Membrane-based systems are expected to be at least 30% more cost-effective.

For these high-power, long duration applications pumped hydro and compressed air (stored underground) are most cost-effective, but lack geographic availability. Vanadium Flow batteries fall in the same cost range as Li-ion and Sodium Sulphur in spite of the intrinsic advantages of flow batteries. Flow Battery LCOS values are expected to decrease by innovating on low-cost materials.

Stationary Fuel Cell Market

Industrial: prime power, CHP, and tri-generation

TYPE COMPANY kW Fuel

MCFC Fuel Cell Energy (U.S. and Germany) Posco (South Korea)

300-2,800 NG or RenewableBiogas

SOFC Siemens-WestinghouseBloom Energy (U.S. and Japan)

800 (Micro-grid)4 000

NG or Methane

PAFC UTC Power (U.S.) 400 kW+ 1.7 millionBTU PureCell

NG

AFC AFC Energy and AIRP (UK, GER)

500 + CHP H2

PEMFC Hydrogenics 200 H2

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Proton Exchange Membrane Market

PEM Electrolyzer fromRenewables

• ElectroSelf TF 1.5-10 kW

• MF-UEH 1-3 kW

Power to gas Gast to Power

PEM Fuel Cell

• Axane 0.5-10 kW

• Ballard 1.5-11 kW

• Heliocentrics 1.2-20 kW

• Horizon 0.1-25 kW

• Relion-Plug Power 0.2-17.5

kW

• Hydrogenics 2-200 kW

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Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel

cell

• Improved ORR Kinetics. Pt free, less expensivecatalysts

• Elliminatescarbonationproblems

• Wider range offuels

• Eliminates the needof fluor basedmembranes

J. Power Sources , 2017, 1-12. Dekel Dario R.

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AEMFCs increasing world´s attention

Scientific Publications Trend

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Anion Exchange Membrane

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Added value fo metal commodity

Mexico´s metal commodities: Ag, Cu and Ni.

Opportunity for Mexico to be part of the R&TD in AEMFC

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Thank You!

Tatiana Romero

Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Systems

tromero@ineel.mx