Hydrogen and Fuel Cells – the EU Perspective

Marc Steen

Institute for Energy and Transport

Joint Research Centre

European Commission

TEKES Fuel Cell Programme Final Seminar

Otaniemi, 3 December 2013

2

Contents

• EU Energy and Transport Policy

• Energy policy framework 2030

• Alternative Fuels Directive

• Non-EU efforts

• Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking

• FCH at JRC

Two pillars of EU energy and transport policy to reach integrated

climate and energy objectives:

• Legislation

• Support to technology innovation (Flagship Innovation Union of

Europe 2020 strategy, SET-Plan, STT–Plan, Eco-Inno Action plan)

+20% -20%-20%

EU Energy and Transport

Policy

20-20-20 by 2020

3

4

role of hydrogen as energy carrier and fuel cells as efficient energy

converters to contribute to low carbon EU energy and transport system

are recognized by EU policy-makers

• A Roadmap for moving to a competitive

low carbon economy in 2050

• Energy Roadmap 2050

• SET-Plan, Communication Energy

Technologies and Innovation

• Transport White Paper

• Proposal for Directive Alternative Fuels

Infrastructure

FCH in EU Policy

documents

5

• FCH technologies can contribute to EU energy and climate

package 20-20-20 by 2020 and beyond.

• In the frame of economic recovery, there is also the target of 20%

contribution by industrial sector to EU-GDP (New Industrial Policy).

• FCH technologies can also contribute to that 20% target.

20032020

2008 present

inte

rest

by

EU

po

licy

mak

ers

FCH 2 JU, Streamlining of national efforts

Historical Perspective

6

Liaisons

present 20152020

2009

HPMV type approval

RegulationGTR 13 phase 1

HRS Standards HRS: Directive AFI

GTR 13 phase 2HFCV-SGSlaunched

legislation

7

Energy Policy

8

2030 Policy Framework

April 2013

H2 in Energy Policy

9

Energy Infrastructure

Priorities for 2020 and beyond

• Infrastructure for electricity, gas, oil, CO2

• H2 infrastructure not explicitly included, but H2 is enabler

10

Clean Power for Transport

Package

• Proposal for Directive on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure

• Associated costs:

Electricity = 8 M charging points = 8 B€

LNG Waterborne =139 refuelling points * 15 M€ = 2,1 B€

LNG trucks = 144 refuelling points * 0.4 M€ = 58 M€

CNG road = 654 refuelling points * 0.25 M€ = 164 M€

Hydrogen = 77 refuelling stations * 1.6 M€ = 123 M€

Build a competitive and resource efficient

transport system

Establish long term fuel strategy

Remove technical and regulatory barriers

Facilitate a single market for alternative fuels

vehicles and vessels

▪ EU committed to significantly reduce its GHG emission – at least 80% by 2050

▪ Emissions in road transport may need to be cut by as much as 95%

11

12

Closure of the

Missing Link

RTD ProjectsGreen Car Initiative

FCH JU

Collaborative research

Sustainable

Market

InfrastructureCommon standards

Regulatory measuresCO2 and pollutants

Fuel quality and renewable

energy Directives

Green procurement

Market

incentivesSubsidies

Fiscal advantages

EIB loans

Directive on Alternative Fuels

Infrastructure

13

14

15

• Set out minimum level of

infrastructure coverage

necessary to:

enable cross-border

mobility in-between 14

Member States

support

commercialisation of

hydrogen vehicles in

the 2020 horizon

• minimum 77 hydrogen

refuelling stations along

TEN-T Core Network, with

maximum distance 300 km

• cost = 77 refuelling

stations * 1.6 M€ = 123 M€

Targets hydrogen

infrastructure build-

up by end 2020

16

HIT Project: Hydrogen Infrastructure for Transport (TEN-T)

• define optimum strategies to migrate from H2 hotspots in densely

populated areas to actual local markets for H2 Refuelling Stations

(HRS) and from there to long distance transport and mobility along

the Trans-European Transport Networks’ (TEN-T) corridors.

• develop National Implementation Plans (NIP) for France, Sweden,

Denmark and the Netherlands.

Budget: 6,9 M€ (EU contribution: 50%)

Start April 2012 – End Dec. 2014

http://tentea.ec.europa.eu/download/project_fiches/multi_country/fiche

new_2011eu92130s_final.pdf

COM(2013)18 – Annex III Technical

specifications

2. Technical specifications for hydrogen

refuelling points for motor vehicles

2.1. Outdoor hydrogen refuelling points

2.2. hydrogen purity

2.3. fuelling algorithms and equipment

2.4. Connectors

Common technical specifications

EU-wide by end 2015

Relevant international standardisation

activities ISO TC 197:

• WG24 on HRS

• ISO 14687-2 published Dec 2012;

harmonized with SAE-J2719

• NWIPs for dispenser and components to

be launched; new WGs to start late 2013

• connector standard ISO 17268 based on

SAE-J2600

Directive on Alternative Fuels

Infrastructure

17

Alternative Fuels

Infrastructure

18

Roadmap outline

Introduction

Hydrogen in the energy system

Vision for Deployment to 2050

Technology development: actions and milestones

Policy, regulation, financing: actions and milestones

Conclusion: near-term Actions for Stakeholders

19

IEA Hydrogen Roadmap

20

22 demo

92 R&D

24 X-cutting

Fuel Cells and Hydrogen

Joint Undertaking

FCH JU main achievements

• Transport sector :

– 49 buses, 37 passenger cars, 95 mini cars

– 13 new refuelling stations

– FC Bus H2 consumption halved

– H2 cost < 10€/kg

• Stationary sector :

– 1000 domestic Combined Heat & Power generators

– Cost - 50%, efficiency 90%, lifetime up to 8 years

• Early markets sector :

– 400 + material handling vehicles

– 19 back up power units

• The European FCH community :

– Strong, visible and coherent

– Consensus strategy (MAIP/AIP)

– Pre-competitive collaboration

– 430 participants in 127 projects

– SME participation 23% 21

• A portfolio of power-trains for Europe, finished

• H2MOB D, UK, F, …, ongoing

• Financing H2 infrastructure roll-out: Bankability

requirements and optimization levers, on-going

• H2MOB Europe, thinking

• Urban Buses: alternative powertrains for Europe, finished

• FCH Buses phase 2, starting

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

• Commercialisation study for Distributed Generation

technologies in Europe, starting

• Energy Storage portfolio for Europe, starting

• Electrolyser, ongoing

Coalition Studies –

preparing for deployment

22

www.fch-ju.eu

23

Two key activity pillars

Strategic objective

By 2020, fuel cell and hydrogen

technologies will be demonstrated

as one of the pillars of future

European energy and transport

systems, making a valued

contribution to the transformation

to a low carbon economy by 2050.

Budget of €1.4 billion in 2014 - 2020 Strong industry commitment to contribute inside

the programme + through additional investment

outside, supporting joint objectives.

• Road vehicles

• Non-road mobile

vehicles and

machinery

• Refuelling

infrastructure

• Maritime, rail and

aviation

applications

• Fuel cells for

power and

combined heat &

power generation

• Hydrogen

production and

distribution

• Hydrogen for

renewable energy

generation (incl.

blending in natural

gas grid)

CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES(e.g. standards, consumer

awareness, manufacturing

methods, studies)

TRANSPORT ENERGY

FCH JU under Horizon 2020

Objectives FCH2JU

1. reduce the production cost of fuel cell systems to be used in transport

applications, while increasing their lifetime to levels competitive with

conventional technologies

2. increase the electrical efficiency and the durability of the different fuel cells

used for power production, while reducing costs, to levels competitive with

conventional technologies

3. increase the energy efficiency of production of hydrogen from water

electrolysis while reducing capital costs, so that the combination of the

hydrogen and the fuel cell system is competitive with the alternatives

available in the marketplace

4. demonstrate on a large scale the feasibility of using hydrogen as a

competitive energy storage medium for electricity produced from renewable

energy sources24

25

PtG

• increased

RE share in

end use

sectors

• bridging

electricity

and NG

grids

http://150jahre.sw-i.de/portal/erdgas-morgen/power-to-gas-7, © 2013 Stadtwerke Ingolstadt Beteiligungen GmbH

Power-to-gas

JRC’s Mission and Role

Direct research:

JRC is the European Commission's in-house

science service and the only DG executing direct

research; providing science advice to EU policy.

… is to provide EU policies with independent, evidence-based scientific and

technical support throughout the whole policy cycle.

Serving society, stimulating innovation, supporting legislation

26

JRC

(2) Harmonise

internationally

JRC support to technology

innovation: PNR

(1) Partner with EU industry and

research institutions

industry

research

policy

27

H2 storage H2 safety

fuel cells, stacks

PEMFC, SOFC

H2 sensors

PNR on FCH at JRC

reformer

28

www.jrc.ec.europa.eu

Contact: jrc-info@ec.europa.eu

marc.steen@ec.europa.eu

Serving society

Stimulating innovation

Supporting legislation

Joint Research Centre (JRC)

4 December 2013

Thank you!

Back-up slides

31

32

Hydrogen in the energy chain (DG ENERGY)

•A European Alternative Fuels Strategy COM(2013)17

(1) Provides a framework including

minimum infrastructure

common EU standardsconsumer information

(2) Identifies options for the different modes (see next slide):

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Natural Gas and Bio-methane (in the forms of CNG, LNG and GTL), Hydrogen, Electricity, Biofuels (only solution applicable to

all modes but availability remains an issue)

(3) Guidance on investments and technological development

specific technology roadmaps for alternative fuels will be developed in the frame of the Strategic Transport Technology Plan

PPPs to be further developed based on experience gained (for H2: FCH-JU)

Barriers identified for hydrogen as an alternative fuel:

• High retail cost of vehicles

• Lack of infrastructure

• Low level of consumer acceptance

Proposal for directive AFI

R&I in FCH-JU

Proposal for a Directive on Alternative Fuels Infrastructure COM(2013)18

• Focus on current obstacles: 1) infrastructure 2) standards

• Developed in close consultation with Member States and industry

• Targets unlocking private investment = a pro-business initiative

• Full freedom given to Member States for implementation

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Brussels, 24.1.2013

COM(2013) 18 final

2013/0012 (COD)

Proposal for a

DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure

(Text with EEA relevance)

{SWD(2013) 5 final}

{SWD(2013) 6 final}

Directive on Alternative Fuels

Infrastructure

Financing H2 infrastructure roll-out

35

Fuel Cell Urban Buses : next steps

Accelerate the commercialization of Fuel Cell city buses in Europe by:

in a first phase,▪ scoping city level Fuel Cell bus business cases

+ developing national ramp up scenarios

in a potential second phase, for whom it may concern,▪ developing city level business cases for 400 – 800 buses

+ detailing national Fuel Cell bus roadmaps and an EU vision for zero emission public bus transport

in a potential third phase, for whom it may concern, implementing and funding selected local business cases

+ agreeing on a required regulatory framework

Objectives

Aligning a coalition of private and public stakeholders to allow developmentof a large scale commercialization project

36

Distributed generation technologies in Europe

37

Distributed generation technologies in EuropeAims

A characterisation of the benefits available from each technology category under a range of

future scenarios, both from an environmental and an economic point of view, and their competitive

position compared to alternative technologies.

A clear and consistent categorisation of the most near-commercial and mass-market fuel cell

distributed generation technologies, at different points in time.

A detailed assessment of the barriers to full commercial rollout of these target technologies, in

terms of:

• Economic barriers and required cost-volume thresholds, financial support, etc.

• Technological readiness and improvements required to specific technology areas.

• Market access and requirements for new business models, customer acquisition routes, etc.

• End-user/consumer acceptance and any required consumer engagement work.

Well-defined and concrete recommendations for next steps towards stimulating the

commercialisation of fuel cells in distributed generation, aimed at:

• European and national policy-makers

• Specific European and national funding agencies

• The fuel cell-related R&D community.38

Energy Storage Study: rationale

Energy storage technologies can

provide value to the European

energy system

There is a high degree of

technological uncertainty - A wide

range of storage technologies exist

for a variety of applications

The current market provides

weak signals to governments and

investors

Action is required to create

conditions under which energy

storage technologies can develop

towards commercialisation

• Enable the deployment of intermittent renewable generation

and variable demand

• Avoid grid reinforcement costs

• Provide balancing, response and reserve services

• Batteries, Pumped hydro, CAES, liquid air, hydrogen for

industry & transport, hydrogen to gas, flywheels

• Demand side management, smart grids and other

developments can both provide synergies with energy storage

and also compete to deliver similar services

• Weak near term market demand and lack of business models

• Future role of energy storage is unclear, especially for

hydrogen

• Competition in technology claims due to scarce investments

• Clarify the market outlook for energy storage technologies

• Clarify potential of the different technologies

• Help ensure the right focus for policy support

Rationale for the study Description

39

Energy Storage Study: fact based

Fact based comparison of Energy

Storage technologies and other

options to provide services to the

energy system

Trajectories of benefits and likely

demand for different Energy Storage

technologies

Insight in impact of market

arrangements and regulations

Well defined and concrete

recommendations for next steps

toward stimulating commercialisation

of Energy Storage technologies

• A clear breakdown of ES services and products, and

requirements for different functionalities and application areas

• A clear and consistent categorisation of the relevant energy

storage technologies. Positioned against each other and

alternative options, at different points in time

• Overview of business models underlying these applications

• Market potential for different applications and sensitivity

analysis, for different markets and at different points in time

• Overview of current market arrangements and regulations

that inhibit the ability of storage technologies to capitalise on

all possible value drivers

• Focal points for policy support, ensuring access to markets

and level playing field

• Focus for funding support to address cost related barriers

• Most relevant areas for H2 ES technologies to focus research

and development efforts on

Objectives Description

40

Development of electrolysis in Europe

• Short duration study on electrolysis (PEM, Alkaline, SOEC, …)

• State of the art and future trends; RD&D recommendations

• Small coalition with key stakeholders

41

Technology advances are accounted for through periodical revision of standards

• global application of technologies: use international standards ISO, IEC

• scientific basis for standard development and revision through PNR

EU Philosophy for RCS:

(1) Legislation (directives, regulations) specifies minimum/essential requirements

performance, safety, emissions, sustainability, ….

(2) Legislation should not be prescriptive on technical implementation

(3) European standards can be referred to and compliance with standard implies conformity with

the legislative essential requirements

EU provides support to PNR that addresses societal needs:

health, safety, sustainability, security, …

with explicit role for JRC: Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012