Hadron Production Measurements Hadron Production Measurements @ CERN@ CERN

M.G.Catanesi /INFN Bari ItalyTeV PA II Workshop

Madison 28-31 August 2006

OutlineOutline

• Motivations and a little bit of history ….

• Present measurements: Harp results• K2K & MiniBoone fluxes• Super Beams & Neutrino Factory Design• Atmospheric fluxes ( < 15 GeV)

• Possible future extensions• Na49 : Atmospheric (< 200 GeV) & T2K neutrino Flux• Totem : Total X-section @ 14 TeV

Why hadron productions ?Why hadron productions ?

• The task to make a reliable prediction of the neutrino flux at the experiment is difficult.• You need a precise knowledge of the relative population of the

different kind of particles and energy spectrum . • To avoid one of the main source of systematic error the

neutrino experiments community was always committed to measure in ancillary experiments the hadron production

(observed event rate) = (X-section) (neutrino flux) (detection efficiency)

The subject of this talk

Contains everything interesting: oscillation physics, exotic event rates etc.

Decay region25 m 50 m 450 m

Neutrino Beams: a “typical” example… MiniBooNE

• Energy, composition, geometry of the neutrino beam is determined by the development of the hadron interaction and cascade

• It’s hard to make this kind of measurements in situ. Normally MC generators are used for this scope

• Various models are known to have large differences in neutrino rate predictions

It is vital to calibrate neutrino production targets in a proton beam !

protons mesons neutrinos

8.9 GeV Booster

Example of future projectsExample of future projectsPrimary energy, target material and geometry, collection scheme• maximizing the π+, π - production rate /proton /GeV• knowing with high precision (<5%) the PT distributionCERN scenario: 2.2 GeV/c proton linac.

Phase rotation• longitudinally freezethe beam: slow down earlier particles, accelerate later ones• need good knowledge also of PL distribution

Atmospheric neutrino Atmospheric neutrino fluxesfluxes: motivations for : motivations for measurementsmeasurements

Initial reaction – well above the highest energy accelerator available.

Shower develops – a large number of lower energy interactions –accelerator measurements are helpful.

• Energy region: from few GeV → 200 GeV (contained)→ 2 TeV (through going)

Accelerator measurements are very sparse.- Colliders: most particles close to beam and don’t enter the detector.- Fixed target: The energies are much lower and few experiments have published. - No data available on O2 & N2

Primary cosmic ray

N

N

K

π

π

μ

ν

Barton et. al.Atherton et. al.

SPY

SerpukovAllaby et. al.

Abbott et. al.

Eichten et. al.Cho et. al.

Measurements.

1-2 pT points3-5 pT points>5 pT points

1 GeV 10 100 1 TeV

Parent energy

10

1 GeV

10

100

1 TeV

10

Dau

ghte

r ene

rgy

Existing measurementsBoxes show importance of phase space region for contained atmospheric neutrino events.

Eich

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et A

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on C

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Eich

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on C

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--7070

-- 1212

• Motivations and scope

• Experiment’s uncertainties

NA20 (Atherton et al.) @ CERNNA20 (Atherton et al.) @ CERN--SPSSPS• Secondary energy scan:

60,120,200,300 GeV

• H2 beam line in the SPS north-area

Overall quoted errors Absolute rates: ~15%Ratios: ~5%

These figures are typical of this kind of detector setup

PresentPresent• Aim at event-by-event experiments, not particle-by-particle• Modern design

• Open-geometry spectrometers• Full solid angle and P.Id.• Design inherited from Heavy Ions experiments

(multiplicity, correlations, pion interferometry, …)• Full momentum acceptance, scan on incident proton momenta

(not only on momentum of secondaries)• High event rate

• Heavy ions experiments are designed for very high track density per event, not for high rate of relatively simple events

HarpHarp• Inaugurates a new era in Hadron Production

for Neutrino Physics:• Based on a design born for Heavy Ions physics

studies• Full acceptance with P.Id.• High event rate capability (3KHz on TPC)

• Built on purpose• Collaboration includes members of Neutrino

Oscillation & Cosmic rays experiments • And makes measurements on specific

targets of existing neutrino beams.

HARP physics motivationsHARP physics motivations

Input for prediction of neutrino fluxes for the MiniBooNE and K2K experiments

Pion/Kaon yield for the design of the proton driver and target system of Neutrino Factories and SPL- based Super-Beams

Input for precise calculation of the atmospheric neutrino flux (from yields of secondary p,K)

Input for Monte Carlo generators (GEANT4, e.g. for LHC or space applications)

HARPHARP’’s goalss goals• secondary hadron yields

• for different beam momenta• as a function of momentum and angle of daughter particles• for different daughter particles

• as close as possible to full acceptancethe aim is to provide measurements with few % overall precision

efficiencies must be kept under control, down to the level of 1%primarily trough the use of redundancy from one detector to another

• thin, thick and cryogenic targets• T9 secondary beam line on the CERN PS allows a 2 15 GeV

energy range• O(106) events per setting

• a setting is defined by a combination of target type and material, beam energy and polarity

• Fast readout• aim at ˜103 events/PS spill, one spill=400ms. Event rate ˜ 2.5KHz• corresponds to some 106 events/day• very demanding (unprecedented!) for the TPC.

Detector layoutDetector layout

Large Anglespectrometer

Forward spectrometer

Large Angle Spectrometer:0.35 rad < θ < 2.15 rad100 MeV/c < p < 700 MeV/c

Forward Spectrometer:30 mrad < θ < 210 mrad.750 MeV/c < p < 6.5 GeV/c

Data taking summaryData taking summary

K2K: Al MiniBoone: Be LSND: H2O

5%50%100%

Replica

5%50%100%

Replica

10%100%

+1.5 GeV/c+12.9 GeV/c +8.9 GeV/c

SOLID:

CRYOGENIC: ν EXP:

HARP took data at the CERN PS T9 beamline in 2001-2002Total: 420 M events, ~300 settings

Relevance of HARP for K2K neutrino beamRelevance of HARP for K2K neutrino beam

pions producing neutrinos pions producing neutrinos in the oscillation peakin the oscillation peak

GeVE 75.05.0 << ν

mradGeVP

250 1

<>

π

π

θK2KK2K

interestinterest

K2K

far/n

ear r

atio

K2K

far/n

ear r

atio

Beam MCconfirmed byPion Monitor

Beam MC

To be measured To be measured by HARPby HARP

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.50 Eν (GeV)

oscillationoscillationpeakpeak

One of the largest K2K systematic errors comes from One of the largest K2K systematic errors comes from the uncertainty of the far/near ratiothe uncertainty of the far/near ratio

Al 5% 12.9 GeV/c ResultsAl 5% 12.9 GeV/c Results

Al 5% 12.9 GeV/c Results

HARP results in black, Sanford-Wang parametrization of HARP results in red

Al 12 GeV/c: Comparison with older Al 12 GeV/c: Comparison with older datadata

0

200

400

600

800

0 5d2 σπ+

/ (d

p d

Ω) (

mb

/ (G

eV/c

sr)) Sugaya 98

pbeam=12.9 GeV/c

θ=89 mrad

σN=16 Ψ

0

200

400

600

800

0 5

Vorontsov 88

pbeam=10.1 GeV/c

θ=61 mrad

σN=25 Ψ

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800

0 5

Vorontsov 83

pbeam=10.1 GeV/c

θ=61 mrad

σN=20 Ψ

0

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400

600

800

0 5

Abbott 92

pbeam=14.6 GeV/c

θ=134 mrad

σN=15 Ψ

0

200

400

600

800

0 5

Abbott 92

pbeam=14.6 GeV/c

θ=164 mrad

σN=15 Ψ

0

200

400

600

800

0 5

Abbott 92

pbeam=14.6 GeV/c

θ=200 mrad

σN=15 Ψ

p (GeV/c)

Far/Near Ratio in K2K

HARP gives ~ factor 2 error reduction across all energies

Near Detector

Far Detector

Predicted Flux Shape Predicted Far/Near Ratio

Near/Far Ratio

Nucl.Phys.B732:1-45,2006hep-ex/0510039

MinibooneMiniboone:: 8.9 GeV p beam hitting a 8.9 GeV p beam hitting a berilliumberillium targettarget

Decay region

25 m50 m 450 m

1.8 m

Drawing not to scale

π+,K+

νp

π−,K-

ν

HARP Be 8.9 GeV 5% Target ResultsHARP Be 8.9 GeV 5% Target Results

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 2 4 6

p (GeV/c)

dσπ /

dp (

mb

/ (G

eV/c

))

30-210 mrad

0

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400

600

800

0 50 100 150 200

θ (mrad)

dσπ /

dΩ (

mb

/ sr)

0.75-6.5 GeV/c

Harp Forward Spectrometer Acceptance

π+

Berillium

8.9

GeV/

C Re

sults

0

100

200

300

0 2 4 6

d2 σπ / (d

p dΩ

) (m

b / (

GeV

/c s

r))

30-60 mrad

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300

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60-90 mrad

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300

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90-120 mrad

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120-150 mrad

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150-180 mrad

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300

0 2 4 6

p (GeV/c)

180-210 mrad

prelim

inary

π+

• More HARP data for accurate flux prediction coming:

K± production data

p π interaction in thick target

π- production data

Al 12 GeV/c : a first (raw) comparison Al 12 GeV/c : a first (raw) comparison with some geant4 with some geant4 hadronichadronic generators:generators:

Be 8.9 GeV/c : a first comparison Be 8.9 GeV/c : a first comparison with geant4 with geant4 hadronichadronic generators:generators:

Possible protonPossible proton--driver energies for driver energies for neutrino factory & super beamsneutrino factory & super beams

• Geant/Mars comparison• Obvious discrepancies in

• Total yields• Relative abundance +/-

• Larger discrepancies at low proton energy

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Proton Energy (GeV)

Pion

/(Pro

ton*

Ener

gy(G

eV))

GEANT4 Pi+ LHEP-BICGEANT4 Pi- LHEP-BICGEANT4 Pi+ QGSPGEANT4 Pi- QGSPGEANT4 Pi+ QGSP_BICGEANT4 Pi- QGSP_BICGEANT4 Pi+ QGSP_BERTGEANT4 Pi- QGSP_BERTGEANT4 Pi+ LHEPGEANT4 Pi- LHEPGEANT4 Pi+ LHEP-BERTGEANT4 Pi- LHEP-BERTGEANT4 Pi+ QGSCGEANT4 Pi- QGSCMARS15 Pi+MARS15 Pi-

Proton Driver GeV

2.2

3.5

81624

Old SPL energy (2.2 GeV)

[New SPL energy 3.5GeV]

FNAL linac (driver study 2)

[FNAL driver study 1, 16GeV]

[BNL/AGS upgrade, 24GeV]

Harp Acceptance Large Angle Spectrometer:

0.35 rad < θ < 2.15 rad100 MeV/c < p < 700 MeV/c

5 GeV/c p5 GeV/c p--Ta ResultsTa Results

π+π-Forward :

20° < θ < 90°

Backward:

90° < θ < 135°

33--55--88 GeV/c pGeV/c p--Ta ResultsTa Results π-

Backward region

Forward region

prelim

inary

33--55--88 GeV/c pGeV/c p--Ta ResultsTa Results π+

Backward region

Forward region

preliminary

Atmospheric neutrino fluxesAtmospheric neutrino fluxes• Primary flux is now considered

to be known to better than 10%• Most of the uncertainty comes

from the lack of data to construct and calibrate a reliable hadron interaction model.

• Model-dependent extrapolations from the limited set of data leads to about 30% uncertainty in atmospheric fluxes

• cryogenic targets

primary flux

μν

μν

eν

−μ

−e

decaychains

N2,O2

+π −π Kp

....hadron

production

prelim

inary

1 GeV 10 100 1 TeV

Parent energy

10

1 GeV

10

100

1 TeV

10

Dau

ghte

r ene

rgy

New measurements.

HARP

NA49

MIPP

New measurementsBoxes show importance of phase space region for contained atmospheric neutrino events.

For more detail on MIPP see the N.Solomey talk

A window on the futureA window on the future

(what next @ cern ?)

AnAn existingexisting facilityfacility: NA49: NA49• particle ID in the TPC is augmented by TOFs• rate somehow limited (optimized for VERY high multiplicity events).

• order 106 event per week is achievable (electronic upgrade needed !)• NA49 is located on the H2 fixed-target station on the CERN SPS.

• secondary beams of identified π, K, p; 40 to 350 GeV/c momentum• Measurements relevant for atmospheric neutrinos have been performed in 2002

with two beam settings (100 and 158 GeV/c) with a 1% Carbon target (these data without TOF)

π+π-

C.Alt et al. hep-ex/0606028

NA49: NA49: p+Cp+C @158 GeV@158 GeV

NA49: NA49: p+Cp+C @158 GeV@158 GeV

C. Meurer @ ISVHECRI2006

10 20 30 40 80 158 energy (A GeV)

10 20 30 40 80 158

In+In

energy (A GeV)

Pb+Pb

C+CSi+Si

= 2·106 registered collisions

NA49 NA49-future

NA49-future plans :1. perform a comprehensive scan in energy

and size of colliding nuclei to study the properties of the transition between hadron gas and quark gluon plasma

2. measure hadron production in hadron-nucleus interactions needed for neutrino and astroparticle physics

Hadron Production for T2KHadron Production for T2K

The NA49-future Collaboration:80 physicists from 20 institutes and 14 countries:

University of Athens, Athens, GreeceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKFKI IPNP, Budapest, HungaryCape Town University, Cape Town, South AfricaJagellionian University, Cracow, PolandJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, RussiaUniversity of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, GermanyCern, Geneva, SwitzerlandForschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, GermanySwietokrzyska Academy, Kielce, PolandInstitute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, RussiaLPNHE, Universites de Paris VI et VII, Paris, FrancePusan Natinal University, Pusan, Republic of KoreaFaculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, BulgariaSt. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, RussiaState University of New York, Stony Brook, USAIFC, IFIC, CSIC and Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, SpainWarsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, PolandUniversity of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandRudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia•LOI well received

•Proposal in preparation

•Data taking 2007-2009

Totem @ Totem @ cerncern• Totem @ cern is the only LHC experiment that

will explore the forward region at ή > 3.1• The main goal is the measurement of the total and

elastic x-section @ 14 TeV and the study of diffractive physics in the forward region

• The experiment is approved and funded and will start the data taking end 2007

• Totem shares the interaction point with the CMS experiment

• A common physic TDR is in preparation to make an extensive program of diffractive physics @ LHC

The TOTEM Collaboration Country Town Institute Geneva CERN, European Laboratory for

Particle Physics Czech Republic Prague Institute of Physics, Academy of

Sciences of the Czech Republic Estonia Tallinn Estonian Academy of Sciences Finland Helsinki Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP)

and the Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki

Bari INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari

Genova INFN Sezione di Genova and Università di Genova

Italy

Pisa / Siena INFN Sezione di Pisa and Università di Siena

Poland Plock / Warsaw Warsaw University of Technology, Fac. of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Plock Campus

United Kingdom Uxbridge Brunel University, Electronic and Computer Engineering Dept.

Cleveland, OH Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of Physics

USA

University Park, PA

Penn State University, Dept. of Physics

Applications by the KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physicsof the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary and by LPI Moscow

TOTEM Physics: Total p-p Cross-Section

• Current models predictions: 90-130 mb

• Aim of TOTEM: ~1% accuracy

mb 1.41.2 2.1 5.111 +

−±=totσ

02

2

116L

=

×+

=t

tot dtdN

ρπσ

inelasticelastictot NN +=σL inelel

ttot NN

dtdN+

×+

= =02

)/(116

ρπσ

Optical Theorem

Prediction for LHC

02

2

116L

=

×+

=t

tot dtdN

ρπσ

inelasticelastictot NN +=σL inelel

ttot NN

dtdN+

×+

= =02

)/(116

ρπσ

Optical Theorem

T1: 3.1 < η < 4.7

T2: 5.3 < η < 6.7

Integral flux of high energy cosmic rays

Measurements of the very forward energy flux (including diffraction) and of the total cross section are essential for the understanding of cosmic ray events

At LHC pp energy:

104 cosmic events Km-2 year-1

> 107 events at the LHC in one day

TOTEM @ CERN

Will allows the Energy Flow Measurement @ 14 TeV

micro

stat

ion

at 1

9m?

RPs

Total TOTEM/CMS acceptance (β*=1540m)

CMS+TOTEM: largest acceptance detector ever built at a hadron collider

Rom

an Pots

TOTEM+CMS

T1,T2 T1,T2 Rom

anPots

Charged particles

Energyflux

CMS + TOTEM: AcceptanceCMS + TOTEM: AcceptancedNdN

chch/d/d

ηηdEdE

/d/dηη

Physics TDR ready will be discussed soon at the LHCC

ConclusionsConclusions• Hadron production for Neutrino Experiments is a well

established field @ CERN since the ’70s• Present trends (Harp@cern & Mipp@FNAL)

• Full-acceptance, low systematic errors, high statistics• Search for smaller and smaller effects characterization

of actual neutrino beam targets to reduce MC extrapolation to the minimum

• Direct interest of neutrino experiments in hadron productionMany interesting results are coming !• Also in the future the hadron production will be an important

ingredient for a successfully neutrino experiment.• Thanks to NA49-Future and TOTEM also the CERN will

contribute to this effort

T1 – DETECTOR: LAYOUT HALF DETECTOR SUB-ASSEMBLY

• Two telescopes (forward and backward) • 5 planes of cathode strip chambers (CSC) 2π φ coverage• 3.1 < |η| < 4.7. • 3 deg rotation from plane to plane to improve pattern recognitionResolution: Resolution: σσx ~ 0.5mm x ~ 0.5mm σσy~ 0.9mmy~ 0.9mm

T2GEM Telescope: 8 planes

13500 mm from IP

Castor Calorimeter

(CMS)

Vacuum Chamber

1800 mm

400 mm Bellow

T2 Telescope 5.3< lηl < 6.7

σ = 69.6 µm

Space Resolution

Racks

TAN

Collimator

BPMQRL

Roman Pot Station (made of two RP devices)

Roman Pots

Forward Region :TrackingForward Region :Tracking

Tracking Efficiency

Tracking Resolution

PId FW region:PId FW region:

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m2 (GeV2)

entr

ies

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number of photoelectrons

π inefficiency

00.2

0.40.6

0.81

1.21.4

00.1

0.20.3

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0.60.7

0.80.9

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E/p E 1/E

entr

ies

e+

h+

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π/p

P (GeV)P (GeV)

π/e

π/k

TOF CERENKOVCALORIMETER

3 GeV/c beam particles3 GeV/c beam particles

TOFCERENKOV

TOF CERENKOV

CERENKOVCALORIMETER

TOF

CERENKOV

CAL

π+

p

datadata

Large Angle Region (TPC)Large Angle Region (TPC)

electrons

dE/dx: Ta data 3,5,8 GeV/c

π+π- efficiency