Post on 20-Jan-2016
Good or Bad?
Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____
Temperature fairly constant _____
High suspended load _____
Depth fairly uniform _____
Discharge variability high _____
Dissolved oxygen high _____
Groundwater input negligible_____
Riparian vegetation abundant _____
Low nutrient input _____
What fish want
Nature provides
Humans taketh away
(Trout) stream restoration
WaterChemistry
HabitatStructure
EnergySources
FlowRegime
BioticInteractions
TemperatureDissolved O2
TurbiditypH
HardnessMetals
NutrientsOrganics
SubstrateChannel MorphologyRiparian vegetation
GradientIn-stream cover
SinuosityBank stability
CanopyChannel width/depth
Nutrient availabilitySunlight
Organic inputsPrimary productionSeasonal patterns
VelocityRunoffVolume
Ground waterPrecipitationWatershed
characteristics
DiseaseReproduction
FeedingCompetition
PredationParasitism
Exotics
Many factors determine habitat quality
White and Brynildson (1967)
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
Bjornn and Reiser (1991)
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
Outside bend Shore eddy
Instream eddyConfluence/seam
Drop-off
Dam or waterfall
Undercut bank
Overhanging vegetation
Raleigh (1982)
Variable Adult Juvenile Larva EggAve thalweg depth % instream cover % pools Pool class % substrate size Ave water velocity Ave substrate size % riffle fines Ave max. temp. Ave min. DO pH Ave annual base flow Dominant subst. type Ave % veg. % streamside veg. % midday shade
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
Raleigh (1982)
1) Ave max. temp.
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
Raleigh (1982)
1) Ave max. temp.2) Ave min. DO3) Dominant subst. type4) % pools5) Ave % veg.6) % streamside veg.7) pH8) Ave annual base flow9) Pool class10) % riffle fines
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
Raleigh (1982)
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
Adult suitability
Juvenile suitability
Larval suitability
Egg suitability
= lowest of ave max. temp., ave min. DO, or
WaterChemistry
HabitatStructure
EnergySources
FlowRegime
BioticInteractions
TemperatureDissolved O2
TurbiditypH
HardnessMetals
NutrientsOrganics
SubstrateChannel
MorphologyRiparian vegetation
GradientIn-stream cover
SinuosityBank stability
CanopyChannel
width/depth
Nutrient availabilitySunlight
Organic inputsPrimary productionSeasonal patterns
VelocityRunoffVolume
Ground waterPrecipitationWatershed
characteristics
DiseaseReproduction
FeedingCompetition
PredationParasitism
Exotics
A little bit daunting…
Impossible to measure/monitor all factors
Impossible to manage all factors
“Quality” means different things for different species
What fish want
Nature provides
Humans taketh away
(Trout) stream restoration
Impossible to measure/monitor/manage all factors
BUT factors are correlated
WaterChemistry
HabitatStructure
EnergySources
FlowRegime
BioticInteractions
TemperatureDissolved O2
TurbiditypH
HardnessMetals
NutrientsOrganics
SubstrateChannel
MorphologyRiparian vegetation
GradientIn-stream cover
SinuosityBank stability
CanopyChannel
width/depth
Nutrient availabilitySunlight
Organic inputsPrimary productionSeasonal patterns
VelocityRunoffVolume
Ground waterPrecipitationWatershed
characteristics
DiseaseReproduction
FeedingCompetition
PredationParasitism
Exotics
Impossible to measure/monitor all factors
BUT fish and other organisms do it for us(integration)
Impossible to measure/monitor all factors
Can calculate Index of Biological Integrity (IBI)
(score reference sites according to biological criteria)
“Habitat quality” varies with species
BUT habitat is not uniform
“Habitat quality” varies with species
BUT habitat is not uniform
“Habitat quality” varies with species
BUT habitat is not uniform
Cool water, fairly constantCoarse substrate and debris
“Shredders”
Fast currentShaded, high O2
Allochthonous production
Warm water, variableFine substrate and debris
“Collectors”
Slow currentExposed, low/variable O2
Autochthonous production
“Habitat quality” varies with species
BUT habitat is not uniform
WaterChemistry
HabitatStructure
EnergySources
FlowRegime
BioticInteractions
TemperatureDissolved O2
TurbiditypH
HardnessMetals
NutrientsOrganics
SubstrateChannel
MorphologyRiparian vegetation
GradientIn-stream cover
SinuosityBank stability
CanopyChannel
width/depth
Nutrient availabilitySunlight
Organic inputsPrimary productionSeasonal patterns
VelocityRunoffVolume
Ground waterPrecipitationWatershed
characteristics
DiseaseReproduction
FeedingCompetition
PredationParasitism
Exotics
Habitat heterogeneity(space and time)
Habitat heterogeneity(space and time)Fast current
Little coverShallow water
Coarse substrate
Slow currentHigh cover
Shallow waterCoarse substrate
Slow currentHigh coverDeep water
Fine substrate
Fast currentLittle coverDeep water
Fine substrate
Knight et al. (1991)
What fish want
Nature provides
Humans taketh away
(Trout) stream restoration
WaterChemistry
HabitatStructure
EnergySources
FlowRegime
BioticInteractions
Habitat degradation
Nutrients Coarse particulate organic matter
Temperature extremes
Suspended solids
Algal production
Bank/substrate stability
Variation in depth
Habitat heterogeneity
Groundwater inputs
In-stream and riparian vegetation
Flow extremes
Stress and disease
Habitat degradation
Bjornn and Reiser (1991), White and Brynildson (1967)
Habitat degradation(trout are sensitive)
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
Outside bend Shore eddy
Instream eddyConfluence/seam
Drop-off
Dam or waterfall
Undercut bank
Overhanging vegetation
Raleigh (1982)
Habitat degradation(trout are sensitive)
1) Ave max. temp.2) Ave min. DO3) Dominant subst. type4) % pools5) Ave % veg.6) % streamside veg.7) pH8) Ave annual base flow9) Pool class10) % riffle fines
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
What fish want
Nature provides
Humans taketh away
(Trout) stream restoration
Stream Restoration(restorative engineering)
1. Manage discharge 2. Stabilize bank(s)
3. Provide cover4. Change channel
Political cartoon?Local
Option 1: manage discharge
Discharge affects:
Water temperatureWetted perimeter
Stream depth and widthCurrent velocity
Water qualityHabitat (type, avail.)
Option 1: manage discharge
TemperatureSubstrateVelocityDepth
etc.
+ =
Hydraulic simulations
Suitabilitycriteria
Weightedusable area
Herschy (1998)
Option 1: manage discharge
1996
1999
2001
2003
Lamouroux et al. (2006)
Option 1: manage discharge
Issues:
Multiple life stages and species, timingAre suitability criteria additive, multiplicative, redundant?
Model predictions need ground truthing
Conflicting water uses (agriculture, industry, residential, recreational, hydroelectric, navigation)
Habitat may not translate into fish
Option 2: stabilize banks
Reduce erosion (sedimentation) due to:Logging
Road constructionLoss of riparian vegetation (e.g., agriculture)
Cattle grazingFloods
Natural erosional processes
Affects:Sediment (bed and suspended)
Stream morphologyNutrients and production
Oxygen
Option 2: stabilize banks
a) Rip rap (armor for banks)
Option 2: stabilize banks
b) Willow posts
Option 3: provide cover
c) Brush bundles
Option 2: stabilize banks
d) Remove cows
Option 3: provide cover
Replace cover lost to:Removal of riparian vegetation
Loss of undercut banksErosion/sedimentation
Loss/removal of instream-structure (e.g., logs)
Affects:Available cover
FoodTemperature and light
Option 3: provide cover
a) Half logs
Option 3: provide cover
b) Undercut bank
Option 3: provide cover
c) Root wads (and other woody debris)
Option 4: change channel
Alter:Channel shape
Channel cross-section/profileDissipation of flow energy
Affects:Velocity and turbulence
ErosionSediment load and bed
DepthTemperature
Oxygen
Option 4: change channel
a) Deflectors
Option 4: change channel
b) Plunge pool dams
“good” “bad”Caution:
Work with stream,not against
Use incombination
Thorn (1988)
Stream Restoration(restorative engineering)
Bank stabilization,underbank cover
, MN
Thorn (1988)
Stream Restoration(restorative engineering)
Can improve habitator
simply excludecattle
, MN
What fish want
Nature provides
Humans taketh away
(Trout) stream restoration
WaterChemistry
HabitatStructure
EnergySources
FlowRegime
BioticInteractions
Good or Bad?
Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____bad
Temperature fairly constant _____
Low nutrient input _____
High suspended load _____
Depth fairly uniform _____
Groundwater input negligible_____
Discharge variability high _____
Dissolved oxygen high _____
Riparian vegetation abundant _____
bad
good
bad
good
bad
bad
good
good
Literature Cited:
Bjornn, T. C., and D. W. Reiser. 1991. Habitat Requirements of Salmonids in Streams. Pages 83-138 in W. R. Meehan (eds). Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and Their Habitats. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19, Bethesda, MD.
Herschy, R.W. 1998. Hydro-ecology: Phabsim. In R. W. Fairbridge and R. W. Herschy, eds, Encyclopedia of hydrology and lakes. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Knight, J. G., M. B. Bain, and K. J. Scheidegger. 1991. A habitat framework for assessing the effects of streamflow regulation on fish. Completion Report #14-16-0009-1550. Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Auburn. 161 pp.
Lamouroux, N., J. M. Olivier, H. Capra, M Zylberblat, A. Chandesris, and P. Roger 2006. Fish community changes after minimum flow increase: testing quantitative predictions in the Rhone River at Pierre-Benite, France. Freshwater Biology. 51: 1730-1743.
Raleigh, R. F. 1982. Habitat suitability index models: brook trout. U.S. Dept. Int., Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-82/10.24. 42 pp.
Thorn, W. C. 1988. Evaluation of habitat improvement for brown trout in agriculturally damaged streams of southeastern Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Natural Resource, Investigational Report 394, St. Paul, MN.
White, R. J., and O. M. Brynildson. 1967. Guidelines for management of trout stream habitat inWisconsin. Wis Dept. Natur. Resour. Tech. Bull. 39, Madison, WI.