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![Page 1: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Good or Bad?
Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____
Temperature fairly constant _____
High suspended load _____
Depth fairly uniform _____
Discharge variability high _____
Dissolved oxygen high _____
Groundwater input negligible_____
Riparian vegetation abundant _____
Low nutrient input _____
![Page 2: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What fish want
Nature provides
Humans taketh away
(Trout) stream restoration
![Page 3: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
WaterChemistry
HabitatStructure
EnergySources
FlowRegime
BioticInteractions
TemperatureDissolved O2
TurbiditypH
HardnessMetals
NutrientsOrganics
SubstrateChannel MorphologyRiparian vegetation
GradientIn-stream cover
SinuosityBank stability
CanopyChannel width/depth
Nutrient availabilitySunlight
Organic inputsPrimary productionSeasonal patterns
VelocityRunoffVolume
Ground waterPrecipitationWatershed
characteristics
DiseaseReproduction
FeedingCompetition
PredationParasitism
Exotics
Many factors determine habitat quality
![Page 5: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
White and Brynildson (1967)
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
![Page 6: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Bjornn and Reiser (1991)
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
![Page 7: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
Outside bend Shore eddy
Instream eddyConfluence/seam
Drop-off
Dam or waterfall
Undercut bank
Overhanging vegetation
![Page 8: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Raleigh (1982)
Variable Adult Juvenile Larva EggAve thalweg depth % instream cover % pools Pool class % substrate size Ave water velocity Ave substrate size % riffle fines Ave max. temp. Ave min. DO pH Ave annual base flow Dominant subst. type Ave % veg. % streamside veg. % midday shade
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
![Page 9: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Raleigh (1982)
1) Ave max. temp.
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
![Page 10: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Raleigh (1982)
1) Ave max. temp.2) Ave min. DO3) Dominant subst. type4) % pools5) Ave % veg.6) % streamside veg.7) pH8) Ave annual base flow9) Pool class10) % riffle fines
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
![Page 11: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Raleigh (1982)
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
Adult suitability
Juvenile suitability
Larval suitability
Egg suitability
= lowest of ave max. temp., ave min. DO, or
![Page 12: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
WaterChemistry
HabitatStructure
EnergySources
FlowRegime
BioticInteractions
TemperatureDissolved O2
TurbiditypH
HardnessMetals
NutrientsOrganics
SubstrateChannel
MorphologyRiparian vegetation
GradientIn-stream cover
SinuosityBank stability
CanopyChannel
width/depth
Nutrient availabilitySunlight
Organic inputsPrimary productionSeasonal patterns
VelocityRunoffVolume
Ground waterPrecipitationWatershed
characteristics
DiseaseReproduction
FeedingCompetition
PredationParasitism
Exotics
A little bit daunting…
Impossible to measure/monitor all factors
Impossible to manage all factors
“Quality” means different things for different species
![Page 13: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
What fish want
Nature provides
Humans taketh away
(Trout) stream restoration
![Page 14: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Impossible to measure/monitor/manage all factors
BUT factors are correlated
![Page 15: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
WaterChemistry
HabitatStructure
EnergySources
FlowRegime
BioticInteractions
TemperatureDissolved O2
TurbiditypH
HardnessMetals
NutrientsOrganics
SubstrateChannel
MorphologyRiparian vegetation
GradientIn-stream cover
SinuosityBank stability
CanopyChannel
width/depth
Nutrient availabilitySunlight
Organic inputsPrimary productionSeasonal patterns
VelocityRunoffVolume
Ground waterPrecipitationWatershed
characteristics
DiseaseReproduction
FeedingCompetition
PredationParasitism
Exotics
Impossible to measure/monitor all factors
BUT fish and other organisms do it for us(integration)
![Page 16: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Impossible to measure/monitor all factors
Can calculate Index of Biological Integrity (IBI)
(score reference sites according to biological criteria)
![Page 17: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
“Habitat quality” varies with species
BUT habitat is not uniform
![Page 18: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
“Habitat quality” varies with species
BUT habitat is not uniform
![Page 19: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
“Habitat quality” varies with species
BUT habitat is not uniform
Cool water, fairly constantCoarse substrate and debris
“Shredders”
Fast currentShaded, high O2
Allochthonous production
Warm water, variableFine substrate and debris
“Collectors”
Slow currentExposed, low/variable O2
Autochthonous production
![Page 20: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
“Habitat quality” varies with species
BUT habitat is not uniform
![Page 21: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
WaterChemistry
HabitatStructure
EnergySources
FlowRegime
BioticInteractions
TemperatureDissolved O2
TurbiditypH
HardnessMetals
NutrientsOrganics
SubstrateChannel
MorphologyRiparian vegetation
GradientIn-stream cover
SinuosityBank stability
CanopyChannel
width/depth
Nutrient availabilitySunlight
Organic inputsPrimary productionSeasonal patterns
VelocityRunoffVolume
Ground waterPrecipitationWatershed
characteristics
DiseaseReproduction
FeedingCompetition
PredationParasitism
Exotics
Habitat heterogeneity(space and time)
![Page 22: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Habitat heterogeneity(space and time)Fast current
Little coverShallow water
Coarse substrate
Slow currentHigh cover
Shallow waterCoarse substrate
Slow currentHigh coverDeep water
Fine substrate
Fast currentLittle coverDeep water
Fine substrate
Knight et al. (1991)
![Page 23: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
What fish want
Nature provides
Humans taketh away
(Trout) stream restoration
![Page 24: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
WaterChemistry
HabitatStructure
EnergySources
FlowRegime
BioticInteractions
Habitat degradation
Nutrients Coarse particulate organic matter
Temperature extremes
Suspended solids
Algal production
Bank/substrate stability
Variation in depth
Habitat heterogeneity
Groundwater inputs
In-stream and riparian vegetation
Flow extremes
Stress and disease
![Page 25: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Habitat degradation
![Page 26: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Bjornn and Reiser (1991), White and Brynildson (1967)
Habitat degradation(trout are sensitive)
![Page 28: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Many factors determine habitat quality(e.g., brook trout)
Outside bend Shore eddy
Instream eddyConfluence/seam
Drop-off
Dam or waterfall
Undercut bank
Overhanging vegetation
![Page 29: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Raleigh (1982)
Habitat degradation(trout are sensitive)
1) Ave max. temp.2) Ave min. DO3) Dominant subst. type4) % pools5) Ave % veg.6) % streamside veg.7) pH8) Ave annual base flow9) Pool class10) % riffle fines
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
![Page 30: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
What fish want
Nature provides
Humans taketh away
(Trout) stream restoration
![Page 31: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Stream Restoration(restorative engineering)
1. Manage discharge 2. Stabilize bank(s)
3. Provide cover4. Change channel
Political cartoon?Local
![Page 32: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Option 1: manage discharge
Discharge affects:
Water temperatureWetted perimeter
Stream depth and widthCurrent velocity
Water qualityHabitat (type, avail.)
![Page 33: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Option 1: manage discharge
TemperatureSubstrateVelocityDepth
etc.
+ =
Hydraulic simulations
Suitabilitycriteria
Weightedusable area
Herschy (1998)
![Page 34: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Option 1: manage discharge
1996
1999
2001
2003
Lamouroux et al. (2006)
![Page 35: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Option 1: manage discharge
Issues:
Multiple life stages and species, timingAre suitability criteria additive, multiplicative, redundant?
Model predictions need ground truthing
Conflicting water uses (agriculture, industry, residential, recreational, hydroelectric, navigation)
Habitat may not translate into fish
![Page 36: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Option 2: stabilize banks
Reduce erosion (sedimentation) due to:Logging
Road constructionLoss of riparian vegetation (e.g., agriculture)
Cattle grazingFloods
Natural erosional processes
Affects:Sediment (bed and suspended)
Stream morphologyNutrients and production
Oxygen
![Page 37: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Option 2: stabilize banks
a) Rip rap (armor for banks)
![Page 38: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Option 2: stabilize banks
b) Willow posts
![Page 39: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Option 3: provide cover
c) Brush bundles
![Page 40: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Option 2: stabilize banks
d) Remove cows
![Page 41: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Option 3: provide cover
Replace cover lost to:Removal of riparian vegetation
Loss of undercut banksErosion/sedimentation
Loss/removal of instream-structure (e.g., logs)
Affects:Available cover
FoodTemperature and light
![Page 42: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Option 3: provide cover
a) Half logs
![Page 43: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Option 3: provide cover
b) Undercut bank
![Page 44: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Option 3: provide cover
c) Root wads (and other woody debris)
![Page 45: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Option 4: change channel
Alter:Channel shape
Channel cross-section/profileDissipation of flow energy
Affects:Velocity and turbulence
ErosionSediment load and bed
DepthTemperature
Oxygen
![Page 46: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Option 4: change channel
a) Deflectors
![Page 47: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Option 4: change channel
b) Plunge pool dams
![Page 48: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
“good” “bad”Caution:
Work with stream,not against
Use incombination
![Page 49: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Thorn (1988)
Stream Restoration(restorative engineering)
Bank stabilization,underbank cover
, MN
![Page 50: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Thorn (1988)
Stream Restoration(restorative engineering)
Can improve habitator
simply excludecattle
, MN
![Page 51: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
What fish want
Nature provides
Humans taketh away
(Trout) stream restoration
WaterChemistry
HabitatStructure
EnergySources
FlowRegime
BioticInteractions
![Page 52: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Good or Bad?
Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____bad
Temperature fairly constant _____
Low nutrient input _____
High suspended load _____
Depth fairly uniform _____
Groundwater input negligible_____
Discharge variability high _____
Dissolved oxygen high _____
Riparian vegetation abundant _____
bad
good
bad
good
bad
bad
good
good
![Page 53: Good or Bad? Coarse particulate organic matter (e.g., tree parts) absent _____ Temperature fairly constant _____ High suspended load _____ Depth fairly.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d355503460f94a0cec1/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Literature Cited:
Bjornn, T. C., and D. W. Reiser. 1991. Habitat Requirements of Salmonids in Streams. Pages 83-138 in W. R. Meehan (eds). Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and Their Habitats. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19, Bethesda, MD.
Herschy, R.W. 1998. Hydro-ecology: Phabsim. In R. W. Fairbridge and R. W. Herschy, eds, Encyclopedia of hydrology and lakes. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Knight, J. G., M. B. Bain, and K. J. Scheidegger. 1991. A habitat framework for assessing the effects of streamflow regulation on fish. Completion Report #14-16-0009-1550. Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Auburn. 161 pp.
Lamouroux, N., J. M. Olivier, H. Capra, M Zylberblat, A. Chandesris, and P. Roger 2006. Fish community changes after minimum flow increase: testing quantitative predictions in the Rhone River at Pierre-Benite, France. Freshwater Biology. 51: 1730-1743.
Raleigh, R. F. 1982. Habitat suitability index models: brook trout. U.S. Dept. Int., Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-82/10.24. 42 pp.
Thorn, W. C. 1988. Evaluation of habitat improvement for brown trout in agriculturally damaged streams of southeastern Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Natural Resource, Investigational Report 394, St. Paul, MN.
White, R. J., and O. M. Brynildson. 1967. Guidelines for management of trout stream habitat inWisconsin. Wis Dept. Natur. Resour. Tech. Bull. 39, Madison, WI.