Gerunds & InfinitivesWeek 14, Mon 11/23/15

Todd Windisch, Fall 2015

Announcements

• Computer lab on Wednesday:• Building 26B, Room 1555

Updated Schedule

• 11/23 : Gerunds & infinitives, indirect speech quiz

• 11/25 : Final drafts of Writing Packet #4

• 11/30 : Review for final grammar, gerunds and infinitives quiz

• 12/2 : Writing Conferences• Extra credit for Writing Packet #3 due

• 12/7 : FINAL EXAM• Extra credit for Reading Response #2 & Writing Packet #4 due

Today’s Agenda

• Direct/indirect speech practice

• Quiz

• Gerunds and infinitives

Indirect/Reported Speech (p. 261)

• Direct speech: Todd said, “I love this part of the movie!”

• Indirect speech, no quotation marks:• Todd said (that) he loved that part of the movie.

• Need a reporting verb (previous slide)

• Usually use a noun clause or phrase to report indirect speech. • Noun clause: (that) he loved that part of the movie.

• Noun clause = dependent clause that replaces a noun in a sentence (subject, object, or complement)

Spoken/Casual English

• In spoken English, we sometimes do not change verbs in a noun clause, especially if what we are reporting happened a short time ago• Yesterday, Amy said, “Jack didn’t come to work.”

• Yesterday, Amy said Jack didn’t come to work.• This is correct when speaking.

• Yesterday, Amy said Jack hadn’t come to work.• This is also correct and more common in writing.

Reporting Verb in Present/Future

• If the reporting verb is in the simple present, present progressive, present perfect, or future, the verb in the noun clause does not change.• Betty says, “I’m going to buy a new car.”

• Betty says that she’s going to buy a new car.

• Betty says that she was going to buy a new car.

REVIEW

• Indirect Speech Review: What changes?

DIRECT INDIRECT

Simple Present

Simple Past

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Can

Will

May

Could

Should

REVIEW

• Indirect Speech Review: What changes?

DIRECT INDIRECT

Simple Present Simple Past

Simple Past Past Perfect

Present Perfect Past Perfect

Past Perfect Past Perfect

Can Could

Will Would

May Might

Could Could

Should Should

REVIEW

• Indirect Speech Review: What changes?

DIRECT INDIRECT

This

These

Here

Now

Ago

Yesterday

Tomorrow

We

I

REVIEW

• Indirect Speech Review: What changes?

DIRECT INDIRECT

This That

These Those

Here There

Now Then

Ago Before/Previously

Yesterday The day before/The previous day

Tomorrow The next day/The day after

We They

I He/She

COMICS

Where areyou going?

It’s a secret, butI want you to tellme what you thinkof my outfit.

I’m leaving. Don’t I look pretty?

You look like my grandma.

I’m supposed tolook like ChristinaAguilera!

What Is a Gerund? (p. 301)

• A gerund is the –ing form of a verb used as a noun

• Is this a gerund?• I am swimming in the competition tomorrow.

• NO! This is a present participle

• Swimming is my favorite hobby.

• YES! This –ing verb is used as the subject of the sentence; it’s a gerund

• Gerunds can be the subject or object of a sentence

Position of Gerunds in a Sentence

• Subject• Planning for the future is very important in order to be independent.

• Object• John loves calling people and hanging up right away.

• Object of a Preposition (p. 302)• When you want to place a verb after a preposition, it’s always a gerund

• I need to apologize for arriving so late to the party last weekend.

The Preposition “to”

• Be careful because “to” is a preposition, but it is also the beginning of an infinitive, which is a different verb form from gerunds.• I used to play baseball when I was young.

• Infinitive form

• I am used to sleeping with the window open.• Preposition + gerund

• I look forward to seeing the movie next weekend.• Preposition + gerund

• Exercise 8, p. 305• Use the chart on p. 302 to help you!

Common Verbs Followed by Gerunds (p. 307)

• Some verbs can only be followed by a gerund, not an infinitive• Enjoy• Quit• Finish• Avoid• Suggest• Stop

• Stop is followed by an infinitive when you are showing purpose• He stopped (in order) to get gas.

• Etc.

• “Go” (p. 309)• We follow “go” with a gerund to express many activities• What are some examples?

What’s an Infinitive? (p. 313)

• An infinitive is to + verb (base form)• When negative: not + to + verb (base form)

• There are two common patterns of verbs with infinitives:1. verb + infinitive

• I asked to go to the restroom.

• I want to help you with your homework.

2. verb + object + infinitive• The teacher doesn’t allow us to make-up quizzes if we are absent.

• I encouraged my brother to apply to college.

Patterns (CONT’D)

• Some verbs can follow both patterns:• I want to help with your homework.

• I want you to help me with my homework.

• Be careful because often the meaning changes!

Words that Work with Both! (p. 317)

• Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund!

• Sometimes the meaning doesn’t change:• I love to go shopping. / I love going shopping.

• I prefer to watch TV rather than watch movies. / I prefer watching TV to watching movies.

• Sometimes the meaning changes:• I tried to be her friend, but she never called me. (make an effort)

• I tried giving her space, but that didn’t work. (experiment with new approach)

• Exercise 30, p. 318

Causative Verbs & Base Form (p. 344)

• Causative verbs express the idea that “X causes Y”• My mom made me clean my room.

• X makes Y do something.

• Three main causative verbs: make, have, get• Make & have are followed by base form

• Sad movies make me cry.

• I had the plumber repair the sink.

• Get is followed by an infinitive• John got Mary to go to the movies with him by buying her flowers.

HOMEWORK

• When I assign homework from English Grammar, there is a specific way I would like you to do your homework:• Complete the homework on a separate sheet of paper (not in your book)

• Correct your own homework using the answer key in the back of the book

• Try to understand why you got the answer wrong; if you cannot find out why, make a note and ask me during class

• Tonight’s homework:• Chapter 14: Exercise 5, 28, 35, & 46