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04/21/23 Page 1
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
The Rationale behind Smart Grid The Rationale behind Smart Grid Implementation and Current Pilot ProjectsImplementation and Current Pilot Projects RT 6b – Organisation of Grid OperationRT 6b – Organisation of Grid Operation
Dr.-Ing. Peter Birkner
Managing Director of RWE Rhein-Ruhr Netzservice GmbH (DL)Visiting Professor, TUKE Department of Electrical Power Engineering (SK)Chairman of Networks Council, Eurelectric (BE)
Frankfurt, June 2011
04/21/23 Page 2
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Study of electrical power engineering and doctoral thesis at Technical University of
Munich (Dipl.-Ing., Dr.-Ing.)
Positions within RWE Group
Lechwerke AG, Augsburg (1987 – 2004; Vice President of Grid Division)
Wendelsteinbahn GmbH, Brannenburg (2004 – 2008; Managing Director)
Vychodoslovenska energetika a.s., Košice (2005 – 8/2008; Member of the Board and Executive Director)
RWE Rhein-Ruhr Netzservice GmbH, Siegen (since 9/2008; Managing Director)
Mainova AG, Frankfurt (from 7/2011; Member of the Board and Executive Director)
Chairman Networks Council of Eurelectric, Brussels (since 6/2008)
Visiting Professor at Technical University of Košice (since 6/2005) and Lecturer at the
Universities of Bonn (since 1/2009) and Wuppertal (since 6/2010)
Curiculum Vitae of Peter Birkner
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
RWE Rhein-Ruhr Netzservice
Grids
RWE Deutschland
AG
RWE Group and the German Division
Distribution Grids within RWE Deutschland AG:
1. Ownership and Concession Contracts,
2. Asset and Regulatory Management
3. Grid Services
Siegen
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
RWE Rhein-Ruhr Netzservice GmbH – World of Grids
Region, People, Values and Technology
Scope of the Business Planning, construction, operation, main-
tenance and repairs of- All voltage levels of electricity- All pressure levels of natural gas- Water distribution systems- District heating systems- Street lighting systems
Logistics and management services
Scale of the Business 800 million € total annual turnover 2 500 employees Operation of about 100 000 km electrical network,
gas, water and heat pipelines Providing services for a core area of 30 000 km² Providing services for municipalities, the industry,
power generators and network companies (200 million € turnover) in Germany, Austria, Switzer-land, Luxemburg and The Netherlands (so far)
Regional-zentrum
Ruhr
Essen
Regional-zentrum
Niederrhein
Wesel
Regional-zentrumNeuss
Neuss
Regional-zentrum
SiegSiegenRegional-
zentrumWestlichesRheinland
Düren
RegionalzentrumRauschermühle
Regional-zentrum
Trier
Regional-zentrum
Rhein-Nahe-Hunsrück
Saffig
Idar-ObersteinTrier
BE
NL
LUX
Core area
Extended
area
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Agenda
1. Renewables as the driving force for changes
2. The role of new electricity applications
3. The impact on electrical grids
4. The specific role of smart meters
5. Generic technical structure of a smart grid
6. Current pilot projects
7. Market roles and interplay
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
The impacts are:
Substantial increase of green electricity generation (35 % of total electrical energy )
Dramatic increase of installed renewable power (100 % compare to conventional power)
New efficient and high power electric applications (heat pumps, air condition and “wireless” applications like electrical vehicles)
Storage and demand side management in order to compensate a highly volatile generation
Additional lines for transport and power balancing
Better monitoring of load flow in distribution grids and flexible response
Energy world 2020: green, efficient, electric, volatile, power driven, based on lines
1
20 % more renewable energies, 20 % less CO2 emissions and 20 % efficiency increase
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 20111
Data Source: ISET
0
4.000
8.000
12.000
16.000
20.000
24.000
Jan Feb Mrz Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez
2008
Win
d P
ow
er
[MW
]
2008
I. Intermitting generation, highly variable power and partially a sur-plus of generated power
II. Significant power gradients
III. Long-term periods of low generation to be bridged
Gesamte installierte Wind Leistung: 24.817 MW (01.12.2009)
Today‘s available hydro pump storage volume in Germany
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
18.000
20.000
02.02. 03.02. 04.02. 05.02. 06.02. 07.02.2009
Win
d P
ow
er [
MW
]
Wind generation and balance of the system
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Energy content of:
1 m³ natural gas (0.7 … 0.8 kg) 32 … 38 MJ(32 … 38 MJ/m³)
Lifting up 1 m³ of water by 4 000 m 40 MJ(9.81 m/s²)
Increasing temperature of 1 m³ of water by 10 K 42 MJ (4.2 kJ/kg K)
100 kg of Li-Ion batteries 36 MJ(100 Wh/kg)
The integration of renewables into energy systems will lead to “smarter” electrical grids (better monitored and more flexible) which are closely
linked to heat and gas systems
1
Storage of electrical energy
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
National generation of electrical energy 640.00 TWh
Thereof 35 % renewables *) 224.00 TWh
National capacity of hydro pump storages 0.04 TWh(frequent charging and discharging with 7 000 MW possible)
45 Million electrical cars with a 20 kWh battery each 0.90 TWh(frequent charging and discharging with high power possible)
20 Billion m³ national storage capacity for natural gas 194.00 TWh(35 MJ/m³ – national annual consumption: 90 billion m³)
Natural gas is a kind of natural storage option for electricityGas and renewables are supplementary
*) National energy strategy assumes reduction of overall electricity consumptionwhich means a lower energy generation based on renewables
1
Storage options for electrical energy in Germany
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
1
Mid-term (days, weeks, months)
x 100 MW
High voltage
Hydro storages
Pressurized air storages
Gas fired power plants combined with gas storages
Buffering time periods without wind or cloudy and rainy days
Short-term (minutes, hours)
x 1 MW
Medium and low voltage
Thermal inertia of buildings (CHP, heat pump, cooling)
Biogas fired generation
Batteries (immobile, mobile)
Domestic consumption (DSM)
Buffering clouds or night time
All storage types can contribute to the balance of the system
Storage options are showing different characteristics
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Available generation capacity in Germany 90 000 MW (100 %)
Annual energy generation in Germany 640 TWh (100 %)
Phasing in of electrical vehicles
Charging 1 000 000 electrical cars at the same time
Slow domestic charging (10 h; 1 x 16 A; 230 V) 3 700 MW (4,1 %)
Fast charging (1 h; 3 x 63 A; 230 V) 40 000 MW (44,4 %)
Annual electricity consumption
(13 400 km/yr and 15 kWh / 100 km) 2 TWh (0,3 %)
Increasing number of heat pumps and air condition systems
Today's (2010) solar panels in Germany
Power 12 000 MW (13,3 %)
Energy 12 TWh (1,9 %)
2
A new volatile, high power challenge is occurring
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 20113
Settlements
Rural areas(farms)
Unsupplied areas(lakes, forests)
Load density:
Generation density:
Wind
Solar
Hydro
Biomass
Rural region Eifel in the west of Germany
Also distribution is part of the transportation challenge
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Increased loads and generators will be dispersed inhomogeneous in the grid
HV MV
G
LV
Today‘s load
G G G
G
Increased loads
3
New challenges for existing grids are occurring …
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
It is no longer possible to supervise a whole line based on one “observation point”
HV MV
G
LV
I
d
Risk of overload
SupervisionFurther load supervision necessary
GI
d
Supervision
G
Supervision
“Strong” grid
Voltage control
“Smart” grid
3
Autonomous Agent
… and they are requesting a better state estimation …
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Adjustment of sectionalizing and voltage allow higher energy transport
HV MV
Risk of overload
GGRisk of
overload
Automated adjustment of sections eliminates risk of
overload
1
2
Voltage control
3
Autonomous Agent
… but also new active options in order to adjust in the grid …
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Balancing volatile generation and volatile load (DSM)
HV MV
“Online” metering and
response
Control
3
… and to contribute to the power balance
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 20114
“Smart” Meters
Autonomous Agent Market Platform
Grid and technology
congestion management and power / frequency control only location of the customer requested high data sample rate necessary local and automated use of data options to react automated on congestions (demand side management or load flow control) in a transparent, objective and non- discriminatory manner
Market and power balance
power balance through market mechanisms identification of customer requested low data sample rate sufficient centralized and individual use of data options to react on surplus or lack of power in the system (demand side management) through an automated communication with the customer
Smart meters will have two functionalities
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Grid tariffs set by the DSO (predictable, time dependent)
Global electricity tariffs set by traders (intra day)
f
P
1 min
t
Price
15 min
t
Price
60 min
t
P
15 minNo oscillations of system!
t
Reaction
1 min
15 min
120 min
1 s
Frequency / power control in substations
Overload control on a regional level (LV, MV)
Reaction time and data collection frequency
3
2
1
3
5
Control levels of smart grids (MV and LV)
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Mülheim:
Large scale smart metering, demand side management, smart home applications,
energy efficiency, flexible tariffs
Wiebelsheim – Laudert – Kisselbach
Smart metering, LV grid monitoring, glass fibre technology
Bittburg – Prüm
Voltage control, MV grid monitoring, integration of renewables, energy storage
Charging infrastructure for electrical vehicles
6
Field tests done by RWE
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
The future will be more green, however, it also will be more electric
Introducing renewables requests more electrical lines (and permissions)
More electricity applications support efficiency as well as the business case for smart metering (cost for infrastructure are independent from consumption)
Basically, all components needed are available. There is space for optimization
Missing standards and unclear expenditure / benefit situationare not supporting investments
Investments require the chance to earn the capital costs (WACC)
There will be substantial changes for customers. Thus, we have to integrate people into our ideas in order to get their support
We should not forget about a world wide and concerted action as Europe and Germany has to stay competitive
Summary
7
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Coupling of heat, gas and electricity in a smart way
7
x
~~
x
~
Natural gas high pressure LNG, Pipeline
HV
MV
LV
Fe
rnw
ärm
e
Do
me
stic h
ea
ting
Gas storage
Adiabatic pressurized air storage Renewables
Gas firedpower plant
RenewablesNatural gas low pressure
Solar panels, Electrical vehicles, Battery storages, Heat pumps, Smart homes
Gas μCHP
Sabatier process
Electrolyticreaction
CO2 + 4 H2 →
CH4 + 2 H2O
Tramway
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Thanks a lot for your interest!Thanks a lot for your interest!
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Due to the increase of installed generation capacity and new tasks for the grid the whole power system will be more expensive
Smart grids and demand side management can “reduce” this increase
Investment efforts and benefits of smart grids have to be shared between stakeholders
This has to be taken into account when it comes to a regulatory solution
Investments Benefits
DSO
DSO
Supplier
Customer
Market roles and interplay
A
Society
Example: the DSO is obliged to invest