Post on 24-Feb-2019
Fishmeal / Fish Oil Use in Aquafeeds & The Evolving Nutritional Profile of Farmed Seafood
n PRESENTER DR. GIOVANNI TURCHINI | DEAKIN UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL OUTLOOK FOR AQUACULTURE LEADERSHIP
GUANGZHOU, CHINA | DAY 2
HEALTHY FISH| HEALTHY PEOPLE | HEALTHY PLANET
Dr. Giovanni M. Turchini • Giovanni M. Turchini, PhD, is an associate professor at the School
of Life and Environmental Sciences at Deakin University in Geelong, Australia, where he is associate head of school research and leads the marine, freshwater and aquaculture sciences research group and teaching programs.
• Turchini’s research interests span from fish to human nutrition, aquaculture, fatty acid metabolism, fishmeal and fish oil replacement, and ethical issues encountered in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors.
• Throughout his career, he has been awarded two ARC Discovery fellowships, developed a series of significant industry collaborations, published extensively, and his work is highly cited and influential.
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
FISHMEAL/FISHOILUSEINAQUAFEED&THEEVOLVINGNUTRITIONALPROFILEOFFARMEDSEAFOOD
PhotobyTomAshton
A/Prof.GiovaniM.Turchini,PhDAssociateHeadofSchool(Research)SchoolofLifeandEnvironmentalSciences,DeakinUniversity,Geelong,Australiagiovanni.truchini@deakin.edu.au@NuSeaLab
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Fisheries Aquaculture
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
Fisheries
Aquaculture
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Fisheries Aquaculture
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Fisheries Aquaculture
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Fisheries Aquaculture
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Fisheries Aquaculture
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Fisheries Aquaculture
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Fisheries Aquaculture
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Fisheries Aquaculture
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Fisheries
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Others Seaweed Freshwaterfinfishes
Crustaceansandmolluscs MarineFinfishes(edible) MarinefishforFM&FO
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
Seaweed(+others)~2%
Freshwaterfinfish~13.5%
Crustaceansandmolluscs~14.3%
Marinefinfish(edible)~41%
Marinefinfish(forFM&FO)~30%
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Others Seaweed Freshwaterfinfishes
Crustaceansandmolluscs MarineFinfishes(edible) MarinefishforFM&FO
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
Seaweed(+others)~2%
Freshwaterfinfish~13.5%
Crustaceansandmolluscs~14.3%
Marinefinfish(edible)~41%
Marinefinfish(forFM&FO)~30%
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
MarinefishforFM&FO Fishmeals FishOils
Constant~5millionTonsFM~1millionTonsFO
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Aquaculture
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
MarinefishforFM&FO Fishmeals FishOils
Constant~5millionTonsFM~1millionTonsFO
Growing(fast!)From~5milliontons(1976)To~100milliontons(2013)
Aquaculture
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Aquaculture
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
MarinefishforFM&FO Fishmeals FishOils
Constant~5millionTonsFM~1millionTonsFO
Growing(fast!)From~5milliontons(1976)To~100milliontons(2013)
Aquaculture
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Aquaculture
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
MarinefishforFM&FO Fishmeals FishOils
Constant~5millionTonsFM~1millionTonsFO
Growing(fast!)From~5milliontons(1976)To~100milliontons(2013)
Aquaculture
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Aquaculture
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
MarinefishforFM&FO Fishmeals FishOils
Constant~5millionTonsFM~1millionTonsFO
Growing(fast!)From~5milliontons(1976)To~100milliontons(2013)
Aquaculture
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Aquaculture
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
MarinefishforFM&FO Fishmeals FishOils
Constant~5millionTonsFM~1millionTonsFO
Growing(fast!)From~5milliontons(1976)To~100milliontons(2013)
Aquaculture
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Commodityprices
Fishmeals($/kgimport) FishOils($/kgimport)
Economicsustainabilitynot
Environmentalsustainability
Averages:allmeals&oils(FAO,2016)
$
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Aquaculture
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
MarinefishforFM&FO Fishmeals FishOils
Constant~5millionTonsFM~1millionTonsFO
Growing(fast!)From~5milliontons(1976)To~100milliontons(2013)
Aquaculture
Whatwillhappeninthefuture?
Whatdidhappeninthepast?
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
HistoryofFishmealUses
Fishmeal
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Fishmeal
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Fishmeal
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Fishmeal
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Fishmeal
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Fishmeal
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Fishmeal
“Nolongertheprimaryproteinsourceinaquafeeds……aspecialtyingredientaddedtoenhancepalatability,balancedietaryaminoacids,supplyotheressenDalnutrientsandbiologicallyacDvecompoundsorenhanceproductquality.”(Hardy,2010.AquaRes41,770-776)
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Historyoffishoiluses
Fishoil
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Fishoil
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Fishoil
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Fishoil
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Fishoil
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Fishoil
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010“Thatmarketwouldbethenutraceu3calmarket,notaquaculture!”AnthonyP.Bimbo(2009)99thAOCSAnnualMeeDng&ExpoinSeaOle,Washington,USA,May19,2008
Fishoil
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Aquaculture
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Eels
Marinefinfishes
Salmonids
Freshwaterfinfishes
Marineshrimps(crabs,echinodermsandmolluscsnotfilteringfeeding)
FreshwaterCrustaceans
Catfishes
Milkfish
Tilapias
Carps
Filteringfeedingmolluscs
Seaweed
Otherminors(over140species,alllowerthan500t/y)
~100milliontons
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Eels
Marinefinfishes
Salmonids
Freshwaterfinfishes
Marineshrimps(crabs,echinodermsandmolluscsnotfilteringfeeding)
FreshwaterCrustaceans
Catfishes
Milkfish
Tilapias
Carps
Filteringfeedingmolluscs
Seaweed
Otherminors(over140species,alllowerthan500t/y)
Notfed!
~100milliontons
Seaweed(27.8%)
FilteringfeedingMolluscs(15.5%)
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Eels
Marinefinfishes
Salmonids
Freshwaterfinfishes
Marineshrimps(crabs,echinodermsandmolluscsnotfilteringfeeding)
FreshwaterCrustaceans
Catfishes
Milkfish
Tilapias
Carps
~54milliontons
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Eels
Marinefinfishes
Salmonids
Freshwaterfinfishes
Marineshrimps(crabs,echinodermsandmolluscsnotfilteringfeeding)
FreshwaterCrustaceans
Catfishes
Milkfish
Tilapias
Carps
~54milliontons
Carps(27%)
Tilapia(5%)
Milkfish(1.1%)Ca`ish(4.4%)
FWcrust.(1.9%)FWfinfishes(5.1%)
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Eels
Marinefinfishes
Salmonids
Freshwaterfinfishes
Marineshrimps(crabs,echinodermsandmolluscsnotfilteringfeeding)
FreshwaterCrustaceans
Catfishes
Milkfish
Tilapias
Carps
~54milliontons
Carps(27%)
Tilapia(5%)
Milkfish(1.1%)Ca`ish(4.4%)
FWcrust.(1.9%)FWfinfishes(5.1%)
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Eels
Marinefinfishes
Salmonids
Marineshrimps(crabs,echinodermsandmolluscsnotfilteringfeeding)
~11milliontons
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Eels
Marinefinfishes
Salmonids
Marineshrimps(crabs,echinodermsandmolluscsnotfilteringfeeding)
~11milliontons
Marinefinfishes(2.4%)
Salmonids(3.2%)
Marineshrimps(5.7%)
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Eels
Marinefinfishes
Salmonids
Marineshrimps(crabs,echinodermsandmolluscsnotfilteringfeeding)
~11milliontons
Marinefinfishes(2.4%)
Salmonids(3.2%)
Marineshrimps(5.7%)
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Eels
Marinefinfishes
Salmonids
Marineshrimps(crabs,echinodermsandmolluscsnotfilteringfeeding)
~11milliontons
Marinefinfishes(2.4%)
Salmonids(3.2%)
Marineshrimps(5.7%)
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
FishmealFishmeal
Nofish,norshrimp,needsanyfishmeal• Theyneed:
• Essencalaminoacids• Correctprotein/energyraco
FMisjustanexcellentsourceofhighlydigescble,highlypalatable,dietaryprotein,withanexcellentAAcomposicon(essencalandnot,+taurine)andnoanc-nutriconalfactors.• FMcanbereplaced!….butitwillcost$.
• WeneedcoordinatedandadequatelysupportedR&DinvestmentstoreducecostsofFMreplacement.
Gatlinetal.2007AquacultureResearch,38,551-579Hardy2010AquacultureResearch,41,770-776
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
Nofish,norshrimp,needsanyfishoilTheyneed:
• Highlydigescbleenergysources• Essencalfajyacids(andinparccularomega-3)• Shrimp:alsoneedphospholipidsandcholesterol
Plentyofopconsofalternacveoilsprovidinghighlydigescbleenergy,phospholipidsandcholesterol.Theonlyrealbojleneckisomega-3(long-chain)(akan-3LC-PUFA)• EPA(20:5n-3;eicosapentaenoicacid)
• DHA(22:6n-3;docosahexaenoicacid)
Fishoil
Turchinietal.2009ReviewsinAquaculture,1,10-57Turchini,Ng,Tocher2011.FishOilreplacementandAlternaDveLipidSourcesinAquacultureFeeds.CRCPress,Taylor&FrancisGroup
EFAREQUIREMENTSOFFISH
1.PhysiologicalEFARequirement.TopreventEFAdeficiency/nutriconalpathology.
Low:SomespeciesC18PUFAcansacsfy,eveninspeciesrequiringLC-PUFA,only~0.2to0.8%ofdiet. Nottoobigaproblem.
2.EFARequirementforOpbmalGrowth/Health.Higher:butunknown&variable.Probablyrelatedtodietarylipid,endogenousmetabolism,andotherfactors Problemonlyforsomespecies($forEPA/DHA)
3.NutribonalqualityexpectabonsVeryHigh:Tosacsfyhuman“requirements”forn-3LC-PUFA,i.e.forfishtoremainasthemajorprovidersofEPAandDHA Thatisthebigproblem! itisimpac3ngthesectoranditwillshapeit
Tocher2015.Aquaculture449:94–107
EVOLVINGAQUAFEED
FM&FOinclusioninaquafeedisconstantlyandrapidlydeclining
Fishmeal
Fishoil
Agriculture(landbased)products
&by-products
EVOLVINGAQUAFEED
FM&FOinclusioninaquafeedisconstantlyandrapidlydeclining
Fishmeal
Fishoil
Agriculture(landbased)products
&by-products
Whyaquafeedcompaniesdoso?
EVOLVINGAQUAFEED
FM&FOinclusioninaquafeedisconstantlyandrapidlydecliningBecause:(part1)1) Consumers’percepbonof“sustainability”andimpactofaquaculture2) Retailers’percepbonofconsumers’expectabons3) Farmers’percepbonofretailers’expectabons
I. FarmersaskingforlowFM&lowFOinclusionII. Markebngtoolforfeedcompanies
EVOLVINGAQUAFEED
FM&FOinclusioninaquafeedisconstantlyandrapidlydecliningBecause:(part2)1) IncreasingpricesofFM&FO
Reducingmargin
2) Uncertainavailability(quanbtyandquality)ofFMandFO
Constantre-formulabon(technologicallychallengingandexpensive)
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
FishmealFishmeal
ReplacingFishMeal
• Noeffectsonfinalproductquality
Possibleeffectsareon:• Fishperformance• Fishhealth
A“quanbtabve”issue!
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
ReplacingFishOil
• Minor/noeffectsonperformanceandhealth
• Majoreffectsonfinalproductquality
• Finalfajyacidcomposicon• Reduccon(dilucon)oflongchainomega-3Fajyacids(EPA&DHA)
A“qualitabve”issue!
Fishoil
Year
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Perc
enta
ge F
atty
Aci
d (%
of T
otal
Lip
id)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
DHA EPA
18:1n-9
18:2n-6
18:3n-3
RapeseedoilmostcommonlyusedFOalternacve
Between2000-2012Globalfedaquacultureincreasedfrom15to35milliontonnesFishoilproducconforsameperiodremainedat0.8milliontonnesperyear
Spragueetal.2016.ScienDficReports,6:21892;DOI:10.1038/srep21892Spragueetal.XVIISFNF.Idaho,June2016
Changingaquafeedandeffectsonnutribonalcomposibon
(Epictetus;AD55-135)
Changingaquafeedandeffectsonnutribonalcomposibon
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
EPA&DHA
(%to
tFAM
E)Farmed fish (RED) are the worst for LC Omega-3 (when expressed as %).
Unpublisheddata:Francisetal.DeakinUniversity,Australia2011.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
EPA&DHA
(%to
tFAM
E)Farmed fish (RED) are the worst for LC Omega-3 (when expressed as %).
Ilikeeacngpercentages…(!?)
Changingaquafeedandeffectsonnutribonalcomposibon
(Epictetus;AD55-135)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
EPA&DHA
(%to
tFAM
E)Farmed fish (RED) are the worst for LC Omega-3 (when expressed as %).
Ilikeeacngpercentages…(!?)
ShouldIeatsomegrams,instead?
Changingaquafeedandeffectsonnutribonalcomposibon
Farmed fish (RED) are amongst the best for LC Omega-3 (as mg/100g).
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500EPA&DHA(m
g/100g)
Unpublisheddata:Francisetal.DeakinUniversity,Australia2011.
Changingaquafeedandeffectsonnutribonalcomposibon
Year
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
EPA
+DH
A (g
.100
g-1
)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
a
b b
c c
d d
a
b
e
EPA+DHALEVELSINSCOTTISHFARMEDSALMON
Jensen et al. (2012). Nutr. Bull., 37, 25-29
Ytrestøyl et al. (2015). Aquaculture, 448, 365-374
Nichols et al. (2014). Nutrients, 6, 1063-1079
Spragueetal.2016.ScienDficReports,6:21892;DOI:10.1038/srep21892Spragueetal.XVIISFNF.Idaho,June2016
Year
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
EPA
+DH
A (g
.100
g-1
)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
a
b b
c c
d d
a
b
e
EPA+DHALEVELSINSCOTTISHFARMEDSALMON
Jensen et al. (2012). Nutr. Bull., 37, 25-29
Ytrestøyl et al. (2015). Aquaculture, 448, 365-374
Nichols et al. (2014). Nutrients, 6, 1063-1079
Spragueetal.2016.ScienDficReports,6:21892;DOI:10.1038/srep21892Spragueetal.XVIISFNF.Idaho,June2016
RDI500mg/day
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
ThefutureFishmeal:
• Almostallglobalproducconavailableforaquafeed• Nolongeraproteinsource,butaspecialtyingredient• Lessperunitoffeed,butbejerused!
Fishoil:
• Small(nil)fracconofglobalproducconavailableforaquafeed• Alternacvesourcesofn-3LC-PUFAneeded
• notedible(orlowediblequalices)• By-productsoil• GMcrops• singlecell/algaeoils
Fishmeal
Fishoil
DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B
ThefutureFishmeal:
• Almostallglobalproducconavailableforaquafeed• Nolongeraproteinsource,butaspecialtyingredient• Lessperunitoffeed,butbejerused!
Fishoil:
• Small(nil)fracconofglobalproducconavailableforaquafeed• Alternacvesourcesofn-3LC-PUFAneeded
• notedible(orlowediblequalices)• By-productsoil• GMcrops• singlecell/algaeoils
Industry:weneedtodefineminimallevelofomega-3acceptableinfinalproducts(speciesspecific,andlikelyrelacvetoRDIandmarkecngobjeccves).
Fishmeal
Fishoil
A/Prof.GiovanniM.TurchiniSchoolofLifeandEnvironmentalSciences,DeakinUniversity,Geelong,Australiagiovanni.turchini@deakin.edu.auhnp://lab.org.au/@NuSeaLab