Fishmeal / Fish Oil Use in Aquafeeds & The Evolving ... · Fishmeal / Fish Oil Use in Aquafeeds &...

Fishmeal / Fish Oil Use in Aquafeeds & The Evolving Nutritional Profile of Farmed Seafood

n  PRESENTER DR. GIOVANNI TURCHINI | DEAKIN UNIVERSITY

GLOBAL OUTLOOK FOR AQUACULTURE LEADERSHIP

GUANGZHOU, CHINA | DAY 2

HEALTHY FISH| HEALTHY PEOPLE | HEALTHY PLANET

Dr. Giovanni M. Turchini •  Giovanni M. Turchini, PhD, is an associate professor at the School

of Life and Environmental Sciences at Deakin University in Geelong, Australia, where he is associate head of school research and leads the marine, freshwater and aquaculture sciences research group and teaching programs.

•  Turchini’s research interests span from fish to human nutrition, aquaculture, fatty acid metabolism, fishmeal and fish oil replacement, and ethical issues encountered in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors.

•  Throughout his career, he has been awarded two ARC Discovery fellowships, developed a series of significant industry collaborations, published extensively, and his work is highly cited and influential.

DeakinUniversityCRICOSProviderCode:00113B

FISHMEAL/FISHOILUSEINAQUAFEED&THEEVOLVINGNUTRITIONALPROFILEOFFARMEDSEAFOOD

PhotobyTomAshton

A/Prof.GiovaniM.Turchini,PhDAssociateHeadofSchool(Research)SchoolofLifeandEnvironmentalSciences,DeakinUniversity,Geelong,[email protected]@NuSeaLab


0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Fisheries Aquaculture

Tons/year(FishstatJFAO,2016)

Fisheries

Aquaculture


0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Fisheries Aquaculture



0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Fisheries



0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Others Seaweed Freshwaterfinfishes

Crustaceansandmolluscs MarineFinfishes(edible) MarinefishforFM&FO


Seaweed(+others)~2%

Freshwaterfinfish~13.5%

Crustaceansandmolluscs~14.3%

Marinefinfish(edible)~41%

Marinefinfish(forFM&FO)~30%



0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

MarinefishforFM&FO Fishmeals FishOils

Constant~5millionTonsFM~1millionTonsFO

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Aquaculture



0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013



Growing(fast!)From~5milliontons(1976)To~100milliontons(2013)

Aquaculture

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Aquaculture



0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013




Aquaculture

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Commodityprices

Fishmeals($/kgimport) FishOils($/kgimport)

Economicsustainabilitynot

Environmentalsustainability

Averages:allmeals&oils(FAO,2016)

$

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Aquaculture



0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013




Aquaculture

Whatwillhappeninthefuture?

Whatdidhappeninthepast?

1950

2030

1990

1970

2010

HistoryofFishmealUses

Fishmeal

1950

2030

1990

1970

2010

Fishmeal

1950

2030

1990

1970

2010

Fishmeal

“Nolongertheprimaryproteinsourceinaquafeeds……aspecialtyingredientaddedtoenhancepalatability,balancedietaryaminoacids,supplyotheressenDalnutrientsandbiologicallyacDvecompoundsorenhanceproductquality.”(Hardy,2010.AquaRes41,770-776)

1950

2030

1990

1970

2010

Historyoffishoiluses

Fishoil

1950

2030

1990

1970

2010

Fishoil

1950

2030

1990

1970

2010“Thatmarketwouldbethenutraceu3calmarket,notaquaculture!”AnthonyP.Bimbo(2009)99thAOCSAnnualMeeDng&ExpoinSeaOle,Washington,USA,May19,2008

Fishoil


0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Aquaculture


0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Eels

Marinefinfishes

Salmonids

Freshwaterfinfishes

Marineshrimps(crabs,echinodermsandmolluscsnotfilteringfeeding)

FreshwaterCrustaceans

Catfishes

Milkfish

Tilapias

Carps

Filteringfeedingmolluscs

Seaweed

Otherminors(over140species,alllowerthan500t/y)

~100milliontons


0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

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1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

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1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Eels

Marinefinfishes

Salmonids

Freshwaterfinfishes



Catfishes

Milkfish

Tilapias

Carps

Filteringfeedingmolluscs

Seaweed

Otherminors(over140species,alllowerthan500t/y)

Notfed!

~100milliontons

Seaweed(27.8%)

FilteringfeedingMolluscs(15.5%)


0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Eels

Marinefinfishes

Salmonids

Freshwaterfinfishes



Catfishes

Milkfish

Tilapias

Carps

~54milliontons


0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Eels

Marinefinfishes

Salmonids

Freshwaterfinfishes



Catfishes

Milkfish

Tilapias

Carps

~54milliontons

Carps(27%)

Tilapia(5%)

Milkfish(1.1%)Ca`ish(4.4%)

FWcrust.(1.9%)FWfinfishes(5.1%)


0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

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1985

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2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Eels

Marinefinfishes

Salmonids


~11milliontons


0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

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1983

1984

1985

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1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

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1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

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2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Eels

Marinefinfishes

Salmonids


~11milliontons

Marinefinfishes(2.4%)

Salmonids(3.2%)

Marineshrimps(5.7%)


FishmealFishmeal

Nofish,norshrimp,needsanyfishmeal•  Theyneed:

•  Essencalaminoacids•  Correctprotein/energyraco

FMisjustanexcellentsourceofhighlydigescble,highlypalatable,dietaryprotein,withanexcellentAAcomposicon(essencalandnot,+taurine)andnoanc-nutriconalfactors.•  FMcanbereplaced!….butitwillcost$.

•  WeneedcoordinatedandadequatelysupportedR&DinvestmentstoreducecostsofFMreplacement.

Gatlinetal.2007AquacultureResearch,38,551-579Hardy2010AquacultureResearch,41,770-776


Nofish,norshrimp,needsanyfishoilTheyneed:

•  Highlydigescbleenergysources•  Essencalfajyacids(andinparccularomega-3)•  Shrimp:alsoneedphospholipidsandcholesterol

Plentyofopconsofalternacveoilsprovidinghighlydigescbleenergy,phospholipidsandcholesterol.Theonlyrealbojleneckisomega-3(long-chain)(akan-3LC-PUFA)•  EPA(20:5n-3;eicosapentaenoicacid)

•  DHA(22:6n-3;docosahexaenoicacid)

Fishoil

Turchinietal.2009ReviewsinAquaculture,1,10-57Turchini,Ng,Tocher2011.FishOilreplacementandAlternaDveLipidSourcesinAquacultureFeeds.CRCPress,Taylor&FrancisGroup

EFAREQUIREMENTSOFFISH

1.PhysiologicalEFARequirement.TopreventEFAdeficiency/nutriconalpathology.

Low:SomespeciesC18PUFAcansacsfy,eveninspeciesrequiringLC-PUFA,only~0.2to0.8%ofdiet. Nottoobigaproblem.

2.EFARequirementforOpbmalGrowth/Health.Higher:butunknown&variable.Probablyrelatedtodietarylipid,endogenousmetabolism,andotherfactors Problemonlyforsomespecies($forEPA/DHA)

3.NutribonalqualityexpectabonsVeryHigh:Tosacsfyhuman“requirements”forn-3LC-PUFA,i.e.forfishtoremainasthemajorprovidersofEPAandDHA Thatisthebigproblem! itisimpac3ngthesectoranditwillshapeit

Tocher2015.Aquaculture449:94–107

EVOLVINGAQUAFEED

FM&FOinclusioninaquafeedisconstantlyandrapidlydeclining

Fishmeal

Fishoil

Agriculture(landbased)products

&by-products

EVOLVINGAQUAFEED

FM&FOinclusioninaquafeedisconstantlyandrapidlydeclining

Fishmeal

Fishoil

Agriculture(landbased)products

&by-products

Whyaquafeedcompaniesdoso?

EVOLVINGAQUAFEED

FM&FOinclusioninaquafeedisconstantlyandrapidlydecliningBecause:(part1)1)  Consumers’percepbonof“sustainability”andimpactofaquaculture2)  Retailers’percepbonofconsumers’expectabons3)  Farmers’percepbonofretailers’expectabons

I.  FarmersaskingforlowFM&lowFOinclusionII.  Markebngtoolforfeedcompanies

EVOLVINGAQUAFEED

FM&FOinclusioninaquafeedisconstantlyandrapidlydecliningBecause:(part2)1) IncreasingpricesofFM&FO

Reducingmargin

2) Uncertainavailability(quanbtyandquality)ofFMandFO

Constantre-formulabon(technologicallychallengingandexpensive)


FishmealFishmeal

ReplacingFishMeal

•  Noeffectsonfinalproductquality

Possibleeffectsareon:•  Fishperformance•  Fishhealth

A“quanbtabve”issue!


ReplacingFishOil

•  Minor/noeffectsonperformanceandhealth

•  Majoreffectsonfinalproductquality

•  Finalfajyacidcomposicon•  Reduccon(dilucon)oflongchainomega-3Fajyacids(EPA&DHA)

A“qualitabve”issue!

Fishoil

Year

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Perc

enta

ge F

atty

Aci

d (%

of T

otal

Lip

id)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

DHA EPA

18:1n-9

18:2n-6

18:3n-3

RapeseedoilmostcommonlyusedFOalternacve

Between2000-2012Globalfedaquacultureincreasedfrom15to35milliontonnesFishoilproducconforsameperiodremainedat0.8milliontonnesperyear

Spragueetal.2016.ScienDficReports,6:21892;DOI:10.1038/srep21892Spragueetal.XVIISFNF.Idaho,June2016

Changingaquafeedandeffectsonnutribonalcomposibon

(Epictetus;AD55-135)


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

EPA&DHA

(%to

tFAM

E)Farmed fish (RED) are the worst for LC Omega-3 (when expressed as %).

Unpublisheddata:Francisetal.DeakinUniversity,Australia2011.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

EPA&DHA

(%to

tFAM


Ilikeeacngpercentages…(!?)


(Epictetus;AD55-135)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

EPA&DHA

(%to

tFAM


Ilikeeacngpercentages…(!?)

ShouldIeatsomegrams,instead?


Farmed fish (RED) are amongst the best for LC Omega-3 (as mg/100g).

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500EPA&DHA(m

g/100g)

Unpublisheddata:Francisetal.DeakinUniversity,Australia2011.


Year

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

EPA

+DH

A (g

.100

g-1

)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

a

b b

c c

d d

a

b

e

EPA+DHALEVELSINSCOTTISHFARMEDSALMON

Jensen et al. (2012). Nutr. Bull., 37, 25-29

Ytrestøyl et al. (2015). Aquaculture, 448, 365-374

Nichols et al. (2014). Nutrients, 6, 1063-1079


Year

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

EPA

+DH

A (g

.100

g-1

)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

a

b b

c c

d d

a

b

e

EPA+DHALEVELSINSCOTTISHFARMEDSALMON

Jensen et al. (2012). Nutr. Bull., 37, 25-29

Ytrestøyl et al. (2015). Aquaculture, 448, 365-374

Nichols et al. (2014). Nutrients, 6, 1063-1079


RDI500mg/day


ThefutureFishmeal:

•  Almostallglobalproducconavailableforaquafeed•  Nolongeraproteinsource,butaspecialtyingredient•  Lessperunitoffeed,butbejerused!

Fishoil:

•  Small(nil)fracconofglobalproducconavailableforaquafeed•  Alternacvesourcesofn-3LC-PUFAneeded

•  notedible(orlowediblequalices)•  By-productsoil•  GMcrops•  singlecell/algaeoils

Fishmeal

Fishoil


ThefutureFishmeal:

•  Almostallglobalproducconavailableforaquafeed•  Nolongeraproteinsource,butaspecialtyingredient•  Lessperunitoffeed,butbejerused!

Fishoil:

•  Small(nil)fracconofglobalproducconavailableforaquafeed•  Alternacvesourcesofn-3LC-PUFAneeded

•  notedible(orlowediblequalices)•  By-productsoil•  GMcrops•  singlecell/algaeoils

Industry:weneedtodefineminimallevelofomega-3acceptableinfinalproducts(speciesspecific,andlikelyrelacvetoRDIandmarkecngobjeccves).

Fishmeal

Fishoil

A/Prof.GiovanniM.TurchiniSchoolofLifeandEnvironmentalSciences,DeakinUniversity,Geelong,[email protected]://lab.org.au/@NuSeaLab

Fishmeal / Fish Oil Use in Aquafeeds & The Evolving ... · Fishmeal / Fish Oil Use in Aquafeeds &...

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