Energy Scenario Of Zimbabwe

Prepared by:

DIPAL Jani

Energy balance – Country Analysis

OutlineEnergy Consumption by Source.Energy consumption by Sector.Energy produced by Source.Detail on Renewable Resouces.Short desciption on GHG.Conclusion.

Energy Flow Diagram

SECONDARY ENERGY

COAL, Biomass, fuelwood

Hydropower, ELECTRICITY

Mainly Road transport and Railways

WHAT CONSUMED BY DILIVERED ENERGY

DISTANCE TRAVELLED, ILLUMINATION,COOKED FOOD, ETC.

TRANSMISSON & DISTN. SYSTEMS

FINAL ENERGY

END USE ACTIVITY

PRIMARY ENERGY

SECONDARY ENERGY

Energy Consumption by Source is the total amount of primary energy consumed from the usage of a specified fuel. Primary energy includes losses fromtransportation, friction, heat loss and other inefficiencies. Specifically, consumption equals indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minusexports and international marine bunkers. The IEA calls this value Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES).

Energy Consumption by Sector

Energy Consumption by Sector 2005 of Zimbabwe

Energy Consumption by Sector 2005 of India

Energy Production by Source of India

Energy Production by Source of Zimbabwe

Fossil Fuel Reserves, Production, and Trade 2005 of India

Fossil Fuel Reserves, Production, and Trade 2005 of Zimbabwe

13%

49%

4% 2%10%

1% 6% 2%12%

1%

Energy Demand by Fuel in Zimbabwe

Energy Demand by Fuel

Residential

Agricu

lture

Commerce

Industry

Mining

59%

13% 7%18%

3%

Energy Demand by Sector in Zimbabwe

Energy Demand by Sector

Fuel wood is the most important domestic fuel in the country.

It is the major source of energy for cooking, lighting and heating for over 80% of the population mainly in the rural and peri-urban areas.

Coal is the most abundant source of primary energy found in Zimbabwe apart from fuel wood.

Zimbabwe has 30 billion tonnes of probable bituminous coal reserves in 21 deposits of which in situ reserves are estimated at between 10 and 20 billion.

Proven reserves can last for 107 years and total reserves for over 200years at the present production rate of about 5million tonnes per annum.

India is the 5th largest contributor to the world

pollution.

India accounts for 3.5% of greenhouse emission.

Energy demand by Sector in India

Energy demand by Fuel in India

Electricity generating Power Station

Power Stations Electricity genrating Power Station

Hwange Thermal Power Station 920MW

Kariba Hydro Electric Power Station 666MW

Thermal Power Stations at Harare 135MW

Bulawayo 120MW

Munyati 120MW

Classification Area Covered(million hectares)

Fuelwood 8.4

Timber 12.1

Non-Productive 14.2

Total 34.7

Biomass Reserve for Zimbabwe

The energy supply options for Zimbabwe have a mixture of hydroelectricity coal and renewable.

After the development and refurbishment of some coal fired thermal power plants in the past years the thrust is now on developing hydroelectric power plants as well.

Rural Zimbabwe as well as the low-income urban households are highly dependent on fuelwood. Fuelwood is legally not a commercial fuel as the collection and sale of fuelwoodrequires a license form the government.

Coalfield Reserves in million tonnes

Hwange 480

Dahlia 1400

Hankano 7850

Lubimbi 11800

Lusulu 3000

Kaonga and Sessami 1000

Mkushwe 4300

Sengwa 400

Total 30230

Major coalfields in Zimbabwe

Technology Installed Capacity(MW)

Technical Potential(MW)

Solar PV 0.8 >300

Solar WH 10000 units 1 million

Mini Hydro 1.7 20

Micro Hydro 1 15

Biogas 250 units 5000 units

Wind

Power generation from sawmill waste

0 250

Technical potential for Renewable Energy(MW) in Zimbabwe

Solar PV

Solar Photovoltaic installed in the country is mainly in rural areas at service centers like schools and hospitals as well individual homes. In rural areas PV is used for lighting, radio and television. PV has a lot of potential given the country’s annual insolation of over 2000kWh/m2 and the fact that, of Zimbabwe’s over 2million households only 23% are electrified. With an estimated installed capacity of 800kWp the annual increase growth of this sector is estimated at 3%. The recently ended GEF project facilitated large-scale importation and installation of a lot of PV systems around the country. This created a good number ofcompanies who provided Solar PV services.

Solar Water Heaters

It is estimated that over 10 000 solar water heating units are installed in the country. Installed units have capacities ranging from 50litres each to 1000 litres of water per unit. These units are mainly afforded by the middle to high-income groups in the country due to high capital costs of over US$1000. The greatest market potential for these units however exists in low-income households who however do not have the capital to acquire such units.

Biogas

Biogas digesters dotted around the country have been installed by three organizations that arethe Department of Energy, Silveira House and Biomass Users Network (BUN). Two types of digesters are being promoted in the country namely the Chinese and the Carmetec ( Centre for Agricultural Mechanisation and Rural Technology in Tanzania) but the former is the most popular. The units are located at schools, rural homes and selected industries. All these small digesters use livestock dung especially cow dung as the feed.

Briquetting and gasification

Although the country has a lot of sawmill dust from timber estates in the Eastern highlandsthere are not known operational briquetting schemes. Two attempts have so far failed to takeoff the ground. In 1992 a local NGO, BUN acquired a 26kW plant situated at ForestryCommission (a parastatal). The concept of this project was to address the disposal problem ofthe sawdust. The plant however did not address the problem as it could only briquette 2% ofthe sawdust. The briquettes produced were solid cylindrical, which were not popular with the locals.

Micro and Minihydro potential exists in the country but mainly in the eastern part of the country due to its terrain and rainfall patterns. Several schemes, mostly private owned, are generating electricity mainly for private used with only one scheme feeding into the national grid. Schemes already in place include Claremont (250kW), Aberfoyle (25kW), Nyafaru(30kW), Rusitu (700kW), Mutsikira (3kW), Svinurai (10kW), Sithole-Chikate (25kW) and Kuenda (75kW). Studies done by the then Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Development identified six existing dams that could be developed to have microhydro schemes. These are : Manyuchi(250kW), Mwenji (250kW), Ngezi Palawan (220kW), Ruti(250) and Smallbridge (220kW). Other bigger schemes identifies are Mazvikadei (700kW),Rusitu (4500kW), Lusitu (700kW), Sebakwe(310kW) and Siya (350kW).

Micro and Minihydro

Zimbabwe as a landlocked country, does not have very large wind resources.Preliminary data, which was collected by the Department of Meteorological Services, indicates that the highest wind speeds at 10 meters above ground level are found near Harare, Chivhu, Gweru, Bulawayo Airport and Chipinge in the Eastern Highlands. The average wind speed of these areas is only3.8m/s. Given such low wind speeds, the only feasible application of wind energy is in waterpumping windmills. In the eastern part of the country there are projects currently going on which are looking at using the energy produced by the windmills for battery charging. Another project is also looking at measuring wind speed at 20 meters above ground, which is the useful height for electricity generation from wind.

Wind Energy

Cubic meters/day Sewage Biogas Methane Produced

Harare 300000 140000 70000

Mutare 30000 1107 554

Masvingo 16800 621 311

Bulawayo 35000 2951 1475

Methane production from sewage plants using biodigesters in Zimbabwe.

YearIndustrial

production growth rate (%)

2002 -10

2003 -3.1

2004 -14.7

2005 -7.8

2006 3.6

2007 -1.8

2008 -5

2009 -14.7

Definition of Industrial production growth rate: This entry gives the annual percentage increase in industrial production (includes manufacturing, mining, and construction).

Year GDP - per capita (PPP) (US$)

2000 24002001 25002002 24502003 24002004 19002005 19002006 21002007 21002008 2002009 200

Definition of GDP - per capita (PPP): This entry shows GDP on a purchasing power parity basis divided by population as of 1 July for the same year.

YearOil -

consumption (bbl/day)

2003 23000

2004 23000

2005 23000

2006 22500

2007 22500

2008 16000

Definition of Oil - consumption: This entry is the total oil consumed in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors.

YearElectricity -

consumption (billion kWh)

2000 8.4032001 6.9392002 10.4752003 9.8132004 9.8132005 11.222006 11.222007 112008 11.592009 11.59

Definition of Electricity - consumption: This entry consists of total electricity generated annually plus imports and minus exports, expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution.

YearElectricity - production

(billion kWh)

2000 6.972001 5.782002 6.4252003 6.7352004 6.7352005 8.8392006 8.8772007 9.4122008 9.4672009 9.467

Definition of Electricity - production: This entry is the annual electricity generated expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution.

YearElectricity - exports (million kWh)

2000 02001 02002 02003 02004 02005 02006 02007 02008 342009 34

Definition of Electricity - exports: This entry is the total exported electricity in kilowatt-hours.

YearElectricity - imports (million kWh)

2000 19212001 15642002 45002003 35502004 35502005 30002006 33002007 22502008 28672009 2867Definition of Electricity - imports: This entry is the total imported electricity in

kilowatt-hours.

Year Oil - imports (bbl/day)

2006 23000

2007 23000

2008 13370

Definition of Oil - imports: This entry is the total oil imported in barrels per day (bbl/day), including both crude oil and oil products.

A Greenhouse Gas is abbreviated GHG is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. In the Solar System, the atmospheres of Venus, Mars, and Titan also contain gases that cause greenhouse effects. Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth; without them, Earth's surface would be on average about 33 °C (59 °F) colder than at present.

Greenhouse gases are harmful gases that cause global warming, this is what most people know of greenhouse gases. Indeed their role in global warming phenomenon is their most important role, and unfortunately the biggest ecological problem we are facing today. Greenhouse gases are causing so called "greenhouse effect". Our planet gets plenty of radiation from the Sun that passes through the atmosphere to the Earth's surface where it gets released back into the atmosphere as Infrared radiation, of which some is absorbed by greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases then return this energy in form of heat back towards the Earth . The higher the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere the more radiation is absorbed causing in the end higher temperature. Greenhouse gases are very important and play crucial role in maintaining the temperature of the Earth, without them life on Earth wouldn't be possible because planet would be too cold.

Rankin 2000 with

land-use change

Rankin 2000 withoutland-use change

Rankin 2005 withoutland-use change

Country

Year 2000 Tonnes ofCO

2ewith land-

usechange

Year 2000 Tonnes ofCO

2ewithout land-usechange

Year 2005 Tonnes ofCO

2ewithout land-usechange

90 116 146 Zimbabwe 6.5 2.7 0.8

162 146 120 India 1.8 1.9 1.7

Asia 4.5 3.4

World 6.8 5.6

41

Projected World Peak Production of Petroleum

42

World Total Primary Energy Supply in 1998 (9491 Mtoe)

**Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc.

43

Why the growing Interest in Biomass Energy?

The link between biomass energy and poverty is strong

Biomass delivers energy in all forms – solid, liquid and gas

Meets energy needs without expensive technologies The linkage with ghg emission mitigation is strong By being locally-driven, it enhances energy security

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Why the growing Interest in Biomass Energy? Cont...

½ Million die annually in SSA as result of traditional fuelwood use (against 750,000 for malaria)

One billion in SSA will in 2030 be dependent on traditional woodfuel for energy

Access to modern energy is in decline in most of SSA countries

45

Decline in electricity use (kwh/capita) 1990 - 2004

COUNTRY RATE OF DECLINE

Ghana -22%Chad -31.3%Cameroon -8.9%S. Leone -54.7%DRC -42.1%Zimbabwe -10%Source: UNDP HDR, 2007/8

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Energy Resource DistributionREGION RESOURCES

West Oil, Gas & Hydro

East Hydro & Geothermal

South Coal & Hydro

Central Hydro & Biomass

Zimbabwe Windpower- Powervision Project Proposal

Form

The project aims to install 10 owner-operated income generating wind-charging systemsaround Zimbabwe

Brief Outline

Suitable sites will be surveyed and if suitable a wind charger system will be installed. Thesewill comprise:-i) A tower

ii) A Wind generatoriii) A controlleriv) A battery bankv) A DC-AC Invertervi) An automatic battery charging systemvii) Limited 220volt AC distributor

Operation

The owners will use the systems to: -

a) provide power for lights and entertainment for owner's useb) Operate a commercial battery charging systemc) Sell limited Ac power to small business tenants

Barriers to be addressed by the project

1.2.3.4.5.6.

Inadequate technologyInappropriate technologyUnavailable fundingPrivate sector led developmentHigh investment costsDissemination of information

Potential Owners

a)b)c)d)

Mr Elias Mabvuramiti- ChimanimaniMr. S. Ngwenya- Bulawayo AreaMr Moses Ruwana- Mt DarwinMr Moyo- Nyanga

Project cost and financial EstimatesUS$ 5100Project Costing

48

ZW$ 1520ZW$ 1680ZW$ 500ZW$ 660ZW$ 300ZW$ 960 = UD$ 17

Monthly Income and ExpenditureLoan Repayment at 60% interest rateMonthly Income from battery chargingOther business incomeTotal IncomeAdd Value of home power useTotal equivalent income

System CostingTurbine and controlsTowerBatteriesInverterTransport and InstallationTotal

US$18001000800750750

5100

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www.eia.doe.gov

www.iceednigeria.org

www.earthtrends.wri.org

www.greenbusinesscentre.com

Useful Websites