Dr.€Matthias€Wirth · Motivation,€Activation€and Performance optimal€performance...

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Dr. Matthias Wirth

stress

personal constitution

strain

very high

high

good

poorlow

mediumhigh

Motivati

on

Level of Activation

Person 2Person 1

Person 3

Motivation, Activation andPerformance

optimal performance

Perf

orm

ance

Activationlow very high

good

poor

optimalactivation

overstrain

Human information processingbasic principle

stimulus perception

processing

reaction

feedback

Perception of informationCapacitiy of  the senses

optical channel up to 107 bit/sauditory channel up to 1,5 x 106 bit/stactile channel up to 0,4  x 106bit/s

hands  alone (0,2 ­ 106 bit/s = 50% )olfactory channel up to 15 ­ 46 bit/sgustatory channel  up to 13 bit/s

Conditions for errors:

•Flooding  with stimuli on multiple perceptive channels•low SNR and high rate of incoming noise signals•intensity of  stimuli near pain threshold•stimulus intensity below  receptor threshold•Longer withdrawal of stimuli

Attention

ConcentrationVigilance , AlertnessAnticipation, Distribution of Attention

Aspecte of attention

Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating onone aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. Attentionhas also been referred to as the allocation of processing resources

Human information processingbasic principle

stimulus perception

processing

reaction

feedback

Attention and Situational awareness

1. Where am I? 4dimensional (space + time)2. What is going on?  Dynamic situational parameters/ forces (sensory/

cognitive) ­actual psychophysiological state/

emotions/ selfperception3. What do I want? Adjusting the intended plan the current situation4. What do I have to do? Organisation of planned actions and theirexecution

Defining SA:

The perception of elements in theenvironment within a volume ofspace and time, the comprehensionof their meaning and the projectionof their status into the near future.

Attention and Situational AwarenessSA­Types:

Level 1 Failure to correctly perceive•Data not available•Data hard to disriminate/detect•Failure to monitor/observe

•Misperception of data•Memory loss

Level 2 Failure to integrate/understand•Lack of  or poor mental model•Use of incorrect mental model•Overreliance on default values

Level 3 Failure to project•Lack of  or poor mental model•Overprojection of current trends

Attention and SituationalAwarenessAttentional Resources are limited!

Focused: Spend time and cognitive resources on a specific task

Divided: Devote  time and resources (timesharing) to a number of different andsometimes conflicting sources of information (i.e. Scan, control inputs, pedals,Failure to integrate/understand, talk, hear etc.)

Errors in situation analysis2, 4, 6

n, n+2, n+4 ?

n, 2n, 3n ?

Solution:

Any combination of three numbers in ascending order!

Model of decision­making

situationalanalysis selection

Background criteria

action

Generation of ahypothesis

generation ofalternativeactions

Operational memory

Longterm memory Risk assessment

Perc

eptio

n

Stimulus

Goals

dem

ands

Atte

ntio

n co

ntro

l

Problems in decision­making

influence of personal expectations and goals intojudgementDistortion of informationReluctant, unwilling search for new informationthat may be contradictory to the currenthypothesisIgnorance toward newly emerged information

Human information processingbasic principle

stimulus perception

processing

reaction

feedback

Levels of Reactionsskill based behaviourrule based behaviourknowledge based behaviour

FACTS

OPTIONS

RISKS & BENEFITS

DECIDE

EXECUTE

CHECK

•Omission•Mistakes•Queuing•Filtering•Focalization of attention•Inability to integrate  information from differentsources•Regression•Muscle tension, tremor, freezing•Escape•Post­Stress­Behavior : i.e. rationalization

Human reactions to overstrain

Significance of physical parameters forobjectifying mental strain

Parameter Muscular Strain Mental Strain

heart rate +++ +++

blood pressure ++ +++

elektrodermal activitiy ++ +

pupil dilation ++

breathing +++

body temperature +++ +

EEG + +++

EMG +++ ++

Tremor ++ ++

Adrenalin + ++

Cortisol ++

Thyroid hormones + ++

Long term Effects of Mental Strain

Development of …new competencescoping strategiescompensation strategies

SatiationFatigueDepression/burnoutaversion…

CategoriesCategoriesH1

Active Failure

active violation ofrules andprocedures

H2Passive Failure

H3Proficiency

Failure

H4Incapacitation

Subconscious errors,e.g.misunderstandings,lack ofcommunication

Training deficits Physical orpsychologicalfailure

0

20

40

60

80

100

take off cruise inflight problem cruise appr/landing

incident zone

Perfomance demands

Individual Perfomance

Indi

vidu

al p

erfo

rman

ce

The Heinrich RatioThe Heinrich Ratio

Fatal Accident 1

Non­fatal accidents 10

Reportable incidents 30

Unsafe acts 600

Maintenance/Ramp Error Data

20­30% of engine in­flight shutdownsand 50% of engine­related flightdelays/cancellations are caused bymaintenance error (Boeing, 1997)

48,800 non­airworthy aircraft aredispatched per year as a result ofmaintenance error (Marx, 1998)

Ramp accidents cost $2­2.5 Billionannually (Ramp Safety, Vol. 11:3)

20­30% of engine in­flight shutdownsand 50% of engine­related flightdelays/cancellations are caused bymaintenance error (Boeing, 1997)

48,800 non­airworthy aircraft aredispatched per year as a result ofmaintenance error (Marx, 1998)

Ramp accidents cost $2­2.5 Billionannually (Ramp Safety, Vol. 11:3)

OrganizationalFactors

UnsafeSupervision

Unsafe ActPreconditions

Latent Condition

Latent Condition

Latent Condition

Active FailureUnsafeActs

Failed orAbsent Defenses

ReasonReason’’ss ““Swiss CheeseSwiss Cheese””ModelModel

operational awareness situational awareness

Accident

HumanFactorsAnalysis andClassificationSystem

Human Factors Intervention Matrix(HFIX)