Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic...
-
Upload
jillian-mulnix -
Category
Documents
-
view
225 -
download
0
Transcript of Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic...
![Page 1: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Stress, Anxiety & Performance
![Page 2: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Definitions
• Arousal• Stress• Anxiety
– State– Trait– Cognitive– Somatic
• Physiological Arousal• Activation
What is somatic anxiety, how does it differ from physiological arousal, and does this make sense? (note: William James thought deeply about this in
1890)
![Page 3: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Side note – James & emotion
• James on free will (and perhaps emergence)
• James on emotion
Cause and effect might not be as simple as you imagine
Just a little contrast with what comes later – see Wenger
![Page 4: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Anxiety, arousal, & Performance
• So, there’s lots of kinds of arousal and anxiety.• How are they related to performance?
– There are several theories– First, how do you think they are related to
performance?– Think about it…how do anxiety and arousal
regulate performance for you?
![Page 5: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Anxiety & Performance
• Making a start:– Drive theory (Hull & Spence, 1943; Zajonc, 1965)
![Page 6: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Anxiety & Performance
• Next (for us, not in the research chronology):– The “Inverted-U hypothesis” & “Zones of optimal
functioning” (ZoF)
![Page 7: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Anxiety & Performance
• Multidimensional anxiety theory– based on the distinction between cognitive
anxiety and somatic anxiety. The theory predicts:• a negative but linear relationship between cognitive
anxiety and performance • an inverted U relationship between somatic anxiety and
performance • Somatic anxiety should decline once performance
begins but cognitive anxiety may remain high if confidence is low
– ...hasn’t really got much support...yet
![Page 8: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Anxiety & Performance
• Catastrophe Theory (Hardy & Fazey, 1987)
One example of the many models posited – the general idea is one of higher order interactions
(seems intuitively appealing to me)
![Page 9: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Anxiety & Performance
• Catastrophe Theory/Models
A model showing hysteresis – a non-linear approach to the arousal performance relationship (this just illustrates one of the predictions of catastrophe
theory)
![Page 10: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Anxiety & Performance
• Catastrophe Theory/Models Current evidence - effect of self-confidence
As self-confidence increases...
![Page 11: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Anxiety & Performance
• Catastrophe Theory/Models Current evidence - hysteresis effects
Effort?“Asymmetry” factor
“Bifurcation” factor
“Cusp point”
![Page 12: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Anxiety & Performance
• Catastrophe Theory/Models Current evidence - hysteresis effects
Effort?
Worry
Explanations fit a processing efficiency theory approach (see later)
![Page 13: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Anxiety & Performance
• Reversal theory
This is one of those theories that tend to excite a lot of new age interests – intuitively appealing and popular in business, but short
on explanation
![Page 14: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Anxiety & Performance
• Interpretation of anxiety states– Gives rise to measuring both intensity and
direction of anxiety response– Often, the direction predicts more variance (in
performance) than the intensity– Now some look at discrepancies between self-
ideals and actual states...• Carver, Lawrence, and Scheier’s (1999) interaction self-
discrepancy framework• Higgins’ (1987) self-discrepancy theory
![Page 15: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Anxiety & Performance
• Interpretation of anxiety states: self-confidence & anxiety– E.g. Beattie, Hardy, Woodman (2004)
![Page 16: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Anxiety & Performance
• E.g. Beattie, Hardy, Woodman (2004)Step 1: identify these “selves” in terms of levels of self-confidence
Step 2: identify actual levels of self-confidence and anxiety prior to competition
Step 3: calculate discrepancies
Step 4: association of discrepancies with performance & anxiety?
![Page 17: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Anxiety & Performance
• Anxiety and self-confidence:– Bandura (1986) high self-efficacy implies trying harder
• Close to ought/ideal high S-C better performance than those who are far from ought/ideal (who will have low S-C)
– But...Carver & Scheier (1999): discrepancy between actual and ought level of S-C extra effort to redress discrepancy• Those with higher actual/ought discrepancy should outperform those with little
discrepancy
![Page 18: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Anxiety & Performance
• Self-confidence and performance, another note:
![Page 19: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Anxiety & Performance
• Self-confidence and performance, another note:
Note decrease in self-confidence, but increase in performance score (no sig. change in the effort measure)
![Page 20: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Explanations/Theories
• Processing efficiency theory (Eysenck & Calvo, 1992)– Worry: • drains attentional resources (reduced attention
available for the task)• Signals importance of task, assigning more attentional
resources if deemed necessary• Thus as worry increases, effort can also increase
– Implies that cognitive anxiety can be negative (unpleasant), but motivating• (results in extra effort, and thus improved performance,
provided eventual success is still believed possible)
![Page 21: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Explanations/Theories
• Conscious processing hypothesis– Reinvestment of declarative knowledge under
high anxiety– Tied to ideas of explicit/implicit learning, use of
process vs. outcome goals (see KNR 406) and so on
![Page 22: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Anxiety and Performance
• Anxiety types, or intensities– Choking vs. panic• Kennedy vs. Novotna (New Yorker,
2000)– Panic is blind fear?– Choking is considered failure?– Choking is the domain of everyone
(maybe most spectacularly of the expert?), panic of the inexperienced, perhaps?
– Stereotype threat (Beilock et at, 2006)» See conscious reinvestment
theories (Masters, et al.)
![Page 23: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Anxiety and Performance
• ...and working memory
![Page 24: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Anxiety and Performance
• ...and working memory
![Page 25: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Explanations/Theories
• Theory of Ironic processing (Wegner, multiple citations)– Cool!• Tricia’s presentation
– Ever laid awake in bed and thought: “I mustn't think about that exam, so I can get to sleep”
– What happens next?
![Page 26: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Explanations/Theories
• Theory of Ironic processing (Wegner, multiple citations)– Similar performance expectations to the conscious
processing hypothesis– Based on the notion that “free will” is a lot more
complicated than one might first think
![Page 27: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Explanations/Theories
• Theory of Ironic processing (Wegner, multiple citations)– Mental control: intentional operations + ironic
monitoring• Under increased mental load...monitoring outweighs
operating, people focus on that which they are trying to avoid, and disaster ensues• Another area that has taken off, though not in sports
psychology as much as mainstream psychology
![Page 28: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Explanations/Theories
• Theory of Ironic processing (Wegner, multiple citations)
• Operating process: carry out intended actions (conscious/effortful)• Monitoring process: check that all’s well [if not, renew]
(unconscious/automatic)– Suppression: operating process searches for distractors, while
monitor searches for the unwanted thought– mental load lessens operator function but not monitor, so
ironic thoughts pop up even more frequently
![Page 29: Stress, Anxiety & Performance. Definitions Arousal Stress Anxiety State Trait Cognitive Somatic Physiological Arousal Activation What is somatic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cab5503460f9496b9f9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Explanations/Theories
• Theory of Ironic processing (Wegner, multiple citations)