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System Architecture

Bruce G. CameronDirector, System Architecture Lab

Co-Founder of Technology Strategy Partners

bcameron@mit.eduSeptember 27, 2016

www.system-architect.org

MyBackgroundDirector,SystemArchitectureLab

ArchitectureThe fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its components, their relationships to each other and to the environment, and the principles governing its design and evolution.

- ISO / IEC / IEEE Standard 42010

A formal description of a system, or a detailed plan of the system at component level to guide its implementation.

- The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF)

How much detail is required to capture architecture?

Diebstahlwarn-.anlage.

Reifendruck-.kontrolle.

Regensensor.

Lichtschalt-.modul.

Heizungs-.bedienteil.

Heizungs-.bedienteil..(Fond).

1-Achs-.Lu@feder.

Bedienzentrum.MiCelkonsole.

Anhänge-.modul.

Kombi-.instrument.

Car.Access.System.

Sicherheits-.u..InformaKons-.modul.

Fahrzeug-.zentrum.

Türmodul.Beifahrer.

Mensch-.Maschine-.Interface.

Park.Distance.Control.

Digitale.Diesel./Motor.Elektronik.1.

AdapKve.Cruise.Control.

Schaltzentrum.Lenksäule.

Türmodul.Fahrertür. A-Säule.links.

B-Säule.links.

A-Säule.rechts.

B-Säule.links.

Tür.vorne..links.

Sitz.Fahrer.

Audio.System.Kontroller.

Tür.vorne.rechts.

Sitz.hinten.

AkKve.Roll-.Stabilisierung.

Dynamische.Stabilitäts-.kontrolle.

Elektronische.Getriebe-.steuerung.

Sitz.Beifahrer.

Türmodul.Fahrerseite.hinten.

Türmodul.Beifahrerseite.hinten.

Sitzmodul.Fahrer.

Sitzmodul.Beifahrer.

Antennentuner. MulK.Media.Changer.

Audio-CD.Wechsler.Videomodul.

Bedienzentrum.MiCelkonsole.Fond.

AdapKve.Light.Control.

Elektronische.Dämpfer-.kontrolle.

Elektromech..Feststell-.bremse.

Drehraten-.sensor.(kein.SG).

Sitzmodul.Beifahrer..hinten.

Powermodul.

Digitale.Diesel./Motor.Elektronik.2.

Schiebehebe-.dach.

Chassis..IntegraKon..Module.

Verstärker.

NavigaKons-.system.

Telefon-.interface.

Spracheingabe-.system.

KopXörer-.interface.

Heckklappen-.li@.

Sitzmodul.Fahrer.hinten.

Stanheizung/.Zuheizung.

Controller.

Wischermodul.

Serienumfang.

Sonder-.ausstaCung.

Diagnose-.Zugang.

Zentrales.Gateway..Modul.

K-CAN.System.

MOST. K-CAN.Peripherie. byteflight. PT-CAN.

Source:ErnstFricke,BMW

Twitter’s Architecture

Source:https://blog.twitter.com/2013/new-tweets-per-second-record-and-how

How Many Architectures?

Architecture

The arrangement of the functional elements into physical blocks.- Ulrich & Eppinger

The whole consists of parts; the parts have relationships to each other; when put together, the whole has a designed purpose and fills a need.

- Reekie and McAdam

{form and function, parts and whole, relationships, and emergence}

Boeing 787 supply chain architecture for subassemblies

TheSeattleTimes.September11,2005.FromESD.931SupplyChainstrategy:EvaluationandImprovement.Prof.MahenderPalSingh.Fall2009

What could break this architecture?

Performance Increase Over Time

Year of entry into service1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Saab 2000

BombardierCRJ1000

Boeing777-200

EmbraerERJ170-100

AirbusA380

Boeing 787-9

SukhoiSuperjet 100Fokker

Airbus A310

Airbus A319Airbus A320

ATR 42

Boeing 767-300

Boeing 757-200

BombaridierDash 8 Q400

Airbus A300B4

De Havilland Dash 7

DC-10-10

Concorde

Boeing747-400

Boeing747-8

Boeing 737-100

Boeing737-600 NG

Boeing 727-100

Tupolev Tu-144

DC-8-10Lockheed Starliner

Boeing 707-320

Boeing 377Stratocruiser

Vickers Viscount

De Havilland Comet 1-4

Embraer 120 Brasilia

ArchitecturesStandard deviationAverage Performanceper architecture

The performance metric is decomposed into contributions from passenger carrying efficiency (PCE), aircraft technical performance (thrust-to-weight ratio,! "⁄ ,and maximum cruise velocity, V) and market value (list price, P).

Architectural DecisionsWe have no reason to expect the quality of intuition to improve with the importance of the problem. Perhaps the contrary: high-stake problems are likely to involve powerful emotions and strong impulses to action.”

Daniel Kahneman

• Architectural decisions are the subset of design decisions that are most impactful

– They relate to form – function mapping, they determine the performance envelope, they encode the key trade-offs in the eventual product, and they often strongly determine cost.

• Architectural decisions lead to architectures that are fundamentally different from each other

– Which wheels are powered on a car, whether or not an aircraft has a tail, whether an algorithm runs in real time or not, etc.

Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 Option 6 Option 7

Function 1: Lifting payloadConfiguration Monoplane Biplane Triplane Box Wing C-wing Annular Wing TandemWing Vertical Location

High Wing Mid Wing Low Wing Parasol Wing

Shoulder Wing

Wing Shape Rectangular Tapered Delta Swept Back Swept Forward

Elliptical Variable Sweep

Structure Cantilever Strut-braced Wire-BracedPassive ControlShape

Dihedral Anhedral Straight Gull-wing Polyhedral

LE devices LE Flap Slat Kruger Flap Leading Edge Slot

TE devices None Plain Flap Split Flap Slotted Flap Kruger Flap Double slotted flap

Triple Slotted Flap

Tip devices Winglets Wing Fence DownletsFunction 2: Storing payloadNumber of Fuselages

BWB 1 2 3 Flying wing

Structure Monocoque Semi-monocoque

Truss Geodisc

Shape Cylindrical Airfoil-shaped Box-shapedWing Integration Wing Box

carrythroughBlended Ring Frames Bending

BeamFunction 3: Accelerating payloadEngine Type Piston Prop Electric Turboprop Turbofan Turbojet RamjetNumber of Engines

1 2 3 4 5 6

Engine Location Inside Vertical Tail

Side of fuselage aft of wing

Above/in fuselage

Behindfuselage

Under Wing Above Wing In Wing etc.

Function 4: Maintaining stabilityPitch controlConfiguration Horizontal V-shape TaillessHorizontal location

Aft of wing Canard Three surface

Vertical location Fuselage (Inverted-T)

Vertical Tail (cruciform)

Vertical Tail (T-Tail)

Shape Swept back Tapered Straight Elliptical

Tests for Architectural Decisions • Does this decision strongly influence metrics?

Sensitivity

• Would substantial rework be required to change this decision? Could we make this decision downstream without regards for other decisions?

Connectivity

Decision Connectivity

Architectural decisions can be sequenced, using their sensitivity and connectivity.

Prioritization of Architectural Decisions

Connectivity0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Wing Vertical Location

Wing Shape

Wing Passive Control Shape

Engine Type

Number of Engines

Engine LocationHorizontal Tail Location

Horizontal Tail Shape

Landing Gear Configuration

Location of Body Gear

Low Sensitivity and high connectivity(3rd priority)

High Sensitivity and high connectivity(1st priority)

High Sensitivity and low connectivity(2nd priority)

Low Sensitivity and low connectivity(4th priority)

Could this technology break the architecture?

How might engines grow?

Bypass Ratio as a Limiting Factor?

What can you do?

How long might this architecture last?

1.Baseline scenario: Technologies related to increasing bypass ratio are developed2.Component efficiency increase: Improvements in component efficiency, at constant turbine inlet temperature and overall pressure ratio.

3.Turbine inlet temperature and overall pressure ratio increase: Improvements

in turbine inlet temperature and overall pressure ratio, at constant component efficiencies. 4.All major technologies advance: Bypass ratio, component efficiencies, turbine inlet temperature and overall pressure ratio all increase to their practical maximum levels.

Key Architectural DecisionsA350Family BWBFamily

Whatarethekeyarchitecturalfeaturesthat

separatethesetwodesigns?

Fuselagedoesnotlift–wingdesignedforlargestvariant

Fuselagelifts– commonwingimpliessmallerdesignpenalties

Source: Robert Liebeck / Boeing

Role of the Architect

“Somesinglemindmustmaster,elsetherewillbenoagreementinanything.”

AbrahamLincoln

Who are the Architects?

Prof.BobLiebeck,Boeing

ArchitectoftheBoeing“BlendedWingBody”

DesigneroftheLiebeck Airfoil

SeniorTechnicalFellow

Who are the Architects? Dr.ErnstFricke,BMW

VPProjectNextGenerationMINI,CompactClassBMW

Formerly:• DepartmentManager

StructuralDynamics,NVHandVibrationComfort

• ProjectManagerSystemsEngineering

• MemberoftheArchitectureTeam

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FIGURE 12.9 The hybrid electric vehicle conceptual solution space, showing the general vehicle concept areas based on electric range and degree of electrification. [13]

Source: CarlosGorbea,“VehicleArchitectureandLifecycleCostAnalysisInaNewAgeofArchitecturalCompetition,” Dissertation,TUMunich,2011

The OpportunityWe conceive, design, implement and operate complex and sometimes unprecedented systems

Do they meet stakeholder needs? Do they deliver value?

Do they integrate easily, evolve flexibly, operate simply and reliably?

Well architected systems do!

Acts as as source of competitive advantage

Source: Carlos Gorbea

Architecture Helps us Make Complex Things Less Complicated

• Architecture can be an explicit choice

• Architectural decisions can be identified and sorted

• The system architect must help make the complex system less complicated

www.system-architect.orgbcameron@mit.edu

Backup

� Reduce ambiguity in corporate strategy and technology insertion by defining the context and boundaries of the system

� Employ creativity to create the concept for the system, managing in the spectrum of solution neutral thinking

� Manage complexity so that the system is comprehendible to all during its design, implementation, and evolution

Three Roles of the Architect

Source: BMW

Visualizing Software Architecture and Interactions (Core-Periphery)

*A.Maccormack,C.Y.Baldwin,andJ.Rusnak,“theArchitectureofComplexSystems:Do‘Core-Periphery’StructuresDominate?,”HarvardBusinessSchoolWorkingPaper10-059,2010.

Substantialvariationsinthesizeofthecoreacrosssystemsofsimilarsize,bothonanabsoluteandarelativebasis*

SharedCorePeripheralControl

VTRAT Case Study Background• VTRAT: automated, virtual

instructional training aid designed to introduce & refresh visual scanners on their duties during anti-aircraft threat engagement.

• Employs hardware & software that displays realistic visual characteristics of anti-aircraft weaponry.

• Supports 62 sites worldwide:– AMC: C-5, C-17, KC-10, CK-135, C-130H, C-130J– AFSOC: CV-22, MC-130H/J/P, AC-130U/H/J, AC-

130W, EC-130J, U-28, PC-12, C-145A, C-146A– ACC: HC-130P, EC-130H, HH-60G

• Release 2 courseware versions per command yearly, plus other projects

Acquisition Strategy• Firm Fixed Price, CLS, Single Award

• Base Year, plus 4 Option Years • Options for TSSC & CLS Support

• Small Business Set Aside • Funding Appropriation: 3400 & 3010

• Under $20M• Mar, 2014 – SORAP decision to transition sustainment to Ogden

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