DISTURBANCES OF

GROWTH &

DEVELOPMENT

Dr Sameh S. Abou-Beih

Lecturer of Pathology

Fayoum University

Congenital Anomalies

• Agenesis

• Hypoplasia

• Aplasia

• Atresia

• Ectopia

Acquired disorders

• Tissue mass:– Atrophy

– Hypertrophy

– Hyperplasia

• Cell Maturation– Metaplasia

– Dysplasia

– Regenerative atypia

– Carcinoma In situ (CIS)

– Neoplasia

– Hamartoma

Adult naevi

Congenital naevi

Intradermal naevus

Intradermal Nevus

Nevus cells

Melanin pigments

BENIGN TUMOURS

CHARACTERS OF BENIGN TUMOURS

I- Structure

Gross Picture: spherical or ovoid in shape, mostly capsulated with no haemorrhage or necrosis

Microscopic Picture: differentiated

II- Behavior

• Rate of growth: slow

• Mode of growth: by expansion

• Localized

• Effect on the host

CLASSIFICATION OF BENIGN TUMOURS

I- Benign Tumors of

Epithelial Origin

II- Benign Tumors of

Mesenchymal Origin

BENIGN TUMOURS OF EPITHELIAL ORIGIN

Papillomas: Squamous cell papilloma

Transitional cell papilloma

Columnar cell papilloma

Adenomas: Simple adenoma

Fibroadenoma

Cystadenoma

Papillary cystadenoma

Squamous cell papilomas

Squamous cell papilloma of vocal cord

Mucous cell papilloma

Pedunculated adenomatous polyp

Sessile adenomatous polyp

Simple adenoma ( suprarenal adenoma)

Fibroadenoma ( breast)

Cystadenoma

Papillary serous cystadenoma

Squamous cell papilloma

Squamous cell papilloma

Squamous cell papilloma

Adenoma

Adenoma intestine (adenomatous polyp)

BENIGN TUMOURSOF

MESENCHYMAL ORIGIN

BENIGN TUMOURS OF MESENCHYMAL ORIGIN

Connective tissue tumors

• Fibroma

• Lipoma

• Chondroma

• Osteoma

• Myxoma

Lipoma (clinically)

Lipoma (clinically)

Lipoma

Chondroma (x ray)

Chondroma

Osteoma (x ray)

Osteoma

Osteoma

Lipoma

Lipoma

Lipoma (mature fat cells)

Chondroma

Chondroma

Myxoma

Cardiac Myxoma

Neurofibroma

Neurofibroma

BENIGN MESENCHYMAL TUMOURS

Tumors of muscles

• Leiomyoma

• Rhabdomyoma

Uterine Leiomyomata

Uterine Leiomyomata

Rhabdomyoma of the heart

Leiomyoma

Leiomyoma

Smooth muscles in leiomyoma

BENIGN MESENCHYMAL TUMOURS

Benign Tumors of Blood Vessels

• Haemangioma Capillary haemangioma

Cavernous haemangioma

• Lymphangioma

Capillary haemangioma

Capillary haemangioma

Cavernous haemangioma

Cavernous haemangioma

Lymphangioma

Lymphangioma

Lymphangioma

Capillary haemangioma

Cavernous haemangioma

Cavernous haemangioma

Lymphangioma

Lymphangioma

Lymphangioma

MALIGNANT

TUMOURS

CHARACTERS OF

MALIGNANT TUMOURS

I- Structure

Gross Picture

Not capsulated with areas of necrosis and

haemorhage

– In solid organs: fixed irregular mass with ill

defined borders

– In body surfaces: Polypoid (fungating),

infiltrating or ulcerative

CHARACTERS OF

MALIGNANT TUMOURSMicroscopic Picture

- Loss of differentiation (anaplasia)

- Change in cellular morphology

Cellular polymorphism, nuclear hyperchromatism, many mitoses &

tumour giant cells

- Change in cellular pattern

(Loss of polarity)

CHARACTERS OF

MALIGNANT TUMOURSII- Behavior

• Rate of growth

• Mode of growth

• Localizatin

• Spread:

Direct, lymphatic spread, blood spread,

transcoelomic spread & implantation

• Effect on the host

• Recurrence

MALIGNANT TUMOURS OF

EPITHELIAL ORIGIN

CARCINOMASDefinition:

Malignant tumors of epithelial tissues

General Characters

Incidence

Age

Rate of growth

Mode of growth

Gross picture

Microscopic picture

Spread

TYPES OF CARCINOMAS

I- Carcinomas of Surface Epithelium:

• Squamous cell carcinoma

• Basal Cell Carcinoma

• Transitional Cell Carcinoma

II- Glandular Carcinomas

• Adenocarcinoma

• Mucoid carcinoma

• Carcinoma simplex (undifferentiated)

Ulcerative carcinoma of the skin

Ulcerative carcinoma of intestine

Carcinoma in solid organ (breast carcinoma)

Carcinoma in solid organ (breast carcinoma)

Infiltrating carcinoma

Infiltrating carcinoma

Fungating carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma with microscopic malignant criteria

Cytological criteria of malignacy

Cytological criteria of malignacy ( abnormal mitosis)

Squamous cell

carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell

carcinoma

Cell nest

Adenocarcinoma ( colon)

Adenocarcinoma ( colon)

Adenocarcinoma of colon

Adenocarcinoma ( colon)

Adenocarcinoma ( colon)

Melanoma

Melanoma

Nodular melanoma

Nodular malignant melanoma

MALIGNANT MESENCHYMAL TUMOURS

SARCOMAS

• Definition

Malignant tumours of mesenchymal origin

• General characters

• Incidence

• Age

• Rate of growth

• Mode of growth

• Gross picture

• Microscopic picture

• Spread

Sarcoma of soft tissue

TYPES OF SARCOMAS

I- Differentiated sarcomasFibrosarcoma

Leiomyosarcoma

Liposarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Myxosarcoma

Angiosarcoma

II- Undifferentiated

sarcomas

Spindle cell sarcoma

Giant cell sarcoma

Round cell sarcoma

Mixed cell sarcoma

Liposarcoma

Liposarcoma

Giant cell

tumour

Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Fibrosarcoma

Fibrosarcoma

Fibrosarcoma with frequent mitoses

Fibrosarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Osteiod tissue

Oseous tissue

Locally Malignant Tumours

• Slower rate of growth than invasive malignant

tumors.

• Local invasion without distant spread (no

metastases)

• Proliferating tumor cells usually show low

grade atypia

• Examples: – Basal cell carcinoma.

– Carcinoid tumor.

– Giant cell tumor of bone.

– Adamantinoma.

Basal cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma

Giant cell tumour

Giant cell tumour

Giant cell tumour

DISTANT SPREAD OF

MALIGNANT

TUMOURS

Liver metastasis

Liver metastasis

Lung metastasis

Lung metastasis

Peritoneal metastasis

Vertebral

metastasis

Metastatic carcinoma in lymph node

Metastatic carcinoma, in lymph node

Metastatic carcinoma in lymph node

Tumour

masses

Lymphoid

tissue

Thank You