Development of an Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array for Climate

Michael J. McPhadenNOAA/PMEL

Outline: Scientific background Status of Implementation

Developing Partnership with Indonesia’s Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research (BRKP) and Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT)Contact: Ridwan Djamaluddin, Head of BPPT Technology Center for Marine Survey

Global Tropical Moored Buoy Arrays

Current Conditionshttp://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/

TAO

Longest Continuous Moored Time Seriesin World Ocean

0°, 110°W1980-2006

Indian Ocean “Dipole” or “Zonal Mode”

First reported in Nature by Saji et al and

Webster et al in 1999

Indian Ocean Science DriversImproved description, understanding and prediction of:

Indian Ocean Dipole (El Niño-like phenomenon in the Indian Ocean) Seasonal monsoon variability Monsoon <=> ENSO interactions Intraseasonal oscillations and both near and far field impacts (Asian monsoon active/break periods; west coast US rainfall, Atlantic hurricane formation, ENSO) SST warming trends since the 1970s Indonesian Throughflow General ocean circulation, ocean heat transport, and their variability

Indian Ocean Dipole

Efforts to develop an Indian Ocean component to the Global Ocean Observing system for climate studies are accelerating

Compelling unanswered scientific questions; Potential societal benefits from development of skillful monsoon prediction models; One of the most poorly sampled regions of the world ocean;

Growing ocean science investments from India, Indonesia, Japan, and the U.S.; Inauguration of plans for the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS) in 2003; Inauguration of a CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean Panel in 2004;

Integrated, Multi-platform Ocean Observing System

Carbon/hydro cruise

High density XBT

Frequently repeated XBT

Enhanced XBT lines to monitor Indonesian Throughflow, inflow to western boundary, Java upwelling and 10°S thermocline ridge

In situ array shown here designed to complement satellite missionsEmphasis on ocean, but will provide surface met data as wellArgo floats 3°x 3°Drifters 5°x 5°

~20 real-time tide gauges for IOTWS

Regional mooring arrays

http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/20357/

Draft Strategy for Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array

*Actual sea days in 2006: involves more than just mooring work

Ship time needs based on these hypothetical tracks

Near-Term Mooring Array Plans

Meteorological Data at 0°, 90°E

ATLAS at 0, 80.5E

MLD based on =0.15 kg m-3 from surface value

Transition winds (Nov-Dec)

Northeast Monsoon (Feb-Mar)

Wyrtki Jet (Nov-Dec)

Northeast Monsoon Current (Feb-Mar)

O(1°C) week-to-week and seasonal SST changes

50 m intraseasonal MLD changes (Nov-Jan)

Shallow and steady during NE monsoon (Feb-Mar)

Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Data Assembly Center (DAC)

Modeled after TAO/ TRITON and PIRATA data processing and dissemination systems.

PMEL and JAMSTEC initial contributors.

Hosted at PMEL; potential for mirror sites outside the US (e.g. in Indonesia).

http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/disdel/disdel.html

FY06 Budget for NOAAClimate Observations and Services

“…[Funds] to expand the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean array… into the Indian Ocean. This expansion will enhance NOAA's capability to accurately document the state of ocean climatic conditions and improve seasonal forecasting capability.”(http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2386.htm)

Other activities covered by this funding:

Add salinity sensors to the TAO array to improve seasonal-interannual forecasting. Upgrades for 4 TAO and 3 PIRATA moorings to ocean reference station quality. Provide 4 additional buoys for the PIRATA array in the hurricane-genesis region of the Atlantic Ocean for improved understanding of ocean-atmosphere interactions on hurricane development. Support the technological development of the next generation of moored buoys

Ship Time Challenge

Requirements:

> 140 days per year to maintainfull array

Must be available routinely and with regularity

Assumes 1-year mooring design lifetime and annual servicing cruises

First Annual Workshop for Marine Scientific and Technological Research Cooperation

Agency for Marine and Fisheries (BRKP) Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Marine and Fisheries

and theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

United States Department of Commerce

“Use of Ocean Observations to Enhance Sustainable Development - Training and Capacity Building Workshop for the Eastern Indian Ocean”

Indonesian South East Asia Center for Ocean Research and Monitoring(SEACORM)

Bali, Indonesia

7-9 June 2006

Near-Term Mooring Array PlansRV Baruna Jaya I

Nov 2006

Near-Term Mooring Array PlansCollaboration with BRKP & BPPT

• Deploy 2 new ATLAS moorings (4ºN, 8ºN)

• Repair 2 existing ATLAS

moorings (0º, 1.5ºN if required)

• Jakarta to Padang

• 14 days for transit and mooring operations (assuming 10 kt)

• Nov-Dec 2006 time frame

Summary The international community has developed plans for an integrated Indian Ocean observing system for climate research and forecasting.

The array design is based on observing, understanding, and predicting key ocean and climate phenomena that have significant socio-economics impacts on countries surrounding the basin and that affect global climate variability.

The plan has been endorsed by CLIVAR and GOOS; implementation is underway.

The newest component of the observing system is a basin scale moored buoy array, with initial contributions from the U.S., India, and Japan; beginning this year, we expect Indonesia (BRKT & BPPT) to join the effort.

There are many challenges to full implementation of this array, but success promises significant scientific and societal benefits.

Need to Leverage available resources for development of multi-hazard warning systems, e.g. for climate, weather, tsunami, etc.