Development of an Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array for Climate Michael J. McPhaden NOAA/PMEL Outline: ...
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Development of an Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array for Climate
Michael J. McPhadenNOAA/PMEL
Outline: Scientific background Status of Implementation
Developing Partnership with Indonesia’s Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research (BRKP) and Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT)Contact: Ridwan Djamaluddin, Head of BPPT Technology Center for Marine Survey
Global Tropical Moored Buoy Arrays
Longest Continuous Moored Time Seriesin World Ocean
0°, 110°W1980-2006
Indian Ocean “Dipole” or “Zonal Mode”
First reported in Nature by Saji et al and
Webster et al in 1999
Indian Ocean Science DriversImproved description, understanding and prediction of:
Indian Ocean Dipole (El Niño-like phenomenon in the Indian Ocean) Seasonal monsoon variability Monsoon <=> ENSO interactions Intraseasonal oscillations and both near and far field impacts (Asian monsoon active/break periods; west coast US rainfall, Atlantic hurricane formation, ENSO) SST warming trends since the 1970s Indonesian Throughflow General ocean circulation, ocean heat transport, and their variability
Indian Ocean Dipole
Efforts to develop an Indian Ocean component to the Global Ocean Observing system for climate studies are accelerating
Compelling unanswered scientific questions; Potential societal benefits from development of skillful monsoon prediction models; One of the most poorly sampled regions of the world ocean;
Growing ocean science investments from India, Indonesia, Japan, and the U.S.; Inauguration of plans for the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS) in 2003; Inauguration of a CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean Panel in 2004;
Integrated, Multi-platform Ocean Observing System
Carbon/hydro cruise
High density XBT
Frequently repeated XBT
Enhanced XBT lines to monitor Indonesian Throughflow, inflow to western boundary, Java upwelling and 10°S thermocline ridge
In situ array shown here designed to complement satellite missionsEmphasis on ocean, but will provide surface met data as wellArgo floats 3°x 3°Drifters 5°x 5°
~20 real-time tide gauges for IOTWS
Regional mooring arrays
http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/20357/
Draft Strategy for Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array
*Actual sea days in 2006: involves more than just mooring work
Ship time needs based on these hypothetical tracks
Near-Term Mooring Array Plans
Meteorological Data at 0°, 90°E
ATLAS at 0, 80.5E
MLD based on =0.15 kg m-3 from surface value
Transition winds (Nov-Dec)
Northeast Monsoon (Feb-Mar)
Wyrtki Jet (Nov-Dec)
Northeast Monsoon Current (Feb-Mar)
O(1°C) week-to-week and seasonal SST changes
50 m intraseasonal MLD changes (Nov-Jan)
Shallow and steady during NE monsoon (Feb-Mar)
Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Data Assembly Center (DAC)
Modeled after TAO/ TRITON and PIRATA data processing and dissemination systems.
PMEL and JAMSTEC initial contributors.
Hosted at PMEL; potential for mirror sites outside the US (e.g. in Indonesia).
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/disdel/disdel.html
FY06 Budget for NOAAClimate Observations and Services
“…[Funds] to expand the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean array… into the Indian Ocean. This expansion will enhance NOAA's capability to accurately document the state of ocean climatic conditions and improve seasonal forecasting capability.”(http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2386.htm)
Other activities covered by this funding:
Add salinity sensors to the TAO array to improve seasonal-interannual forecasting. Upgrades for 4 TAO and 3 PIRATA moorings to ocean reference station quality. Provide 4 additional buoys for the PIRATA array in the hurricane-genesis region of the Atlantic Ocean for improved understanding of ocean-atmosphere interactions on hurricane development. Support the technological development of the next generation of moored buoys
Ship Time Challenge
Requirements:
> 140 days per year to maintainfull array
Must be available routinely and with regularity
Assumes 1-year mooring design lifetime and annual servicing cruises
First Annual Workshop for Marine Scientific and Technological Research Cooperation
Agency for Marine and Fisheries (BRKP) Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Marine and Fisheries
and theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
United States Department of Commerce
“Use of Ocean Observations to Enhance Sustainable Development - Training and Capacity Building Workshop for the Eastern Indian Ocean”
Indonesian South East Asia Center for Ocean Research and Monitoring(SEACORM)
Bali, Indonesia
7-9 June 2006
Near-Term Mooring Array PlansRV Baruna Jaya I
Nov 2006
Near-Term Mooring Array PlansCollaboration with BRKP & BPPT
• Deploy 2 new ATLAS moorings (4ºN, 8ºN)
• Repair 2 existing ATLAS
moorings (0º, 1.5ºN if required)
• Jakarta to Padang
• 14 days for transit and mooring operations (assuming 10 kt)
• Nov-Dec 2006 time frame
Summary The international community has developed plans for an integrated Indian Ocean observing system for climate research and forecasting.
The array design is based on observing, understanding, and predicting key ocean and climate phenomena that have significant socio-economics impacts on countries surrounding the basin and that affect global climate variability.
The plan has been endorsed by CLIVAR and GOOS; implementation is underway.
The newest component of the observing system is a basin scale moored buoy array, with initial contributions from the U.S., India, and Japan; beginning this year, we expect Indonesia (BRKT & BPPT) to join the effort.
There are many challenges to full implementation of this array, but success promises significant scientific and societal benefits.
Need to Leverage available resources for development of multi-hazard warning systems, e.g. for climate, weather, tsunami, etc.