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RAMAResearch Moored Array for African-
Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction
M. J. McPhadenand
G. Meyers, K. Ando,Y. Masumoto, V. S. N. Murty, M. Ravichandran, F. Syamsudin, J. Vialard, L. Yu, W. Yu
EGU General AssemblyVienna, Austria15 April 2008Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., in
preparation
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Outline
Scientific rationale Design specifications Implementation status Examples of early data
Challenges & opportunities
RAMA
RAMA: In Hindu mythology, an ancient king of India and hero of the epic “Ramayana”.
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.Winter
Summer
The Indian Monsoon
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Indian Ocean Climate Science Drivers
Seasonal monsoon variability
Interannual variations: ENSO Impacts and the Indian Ocean Dipole (ENSO-like phenomenon in the Indian Ocean)
Intraseasonal (30-90 day period) oscillations and far field impacts (ENSO, hurricane formation, west coast US rainfall)
Decadal variability
Warming trends since the 1970s
Ocean circulation (Indonesian Throughflow, shallow and deep overturning circulation, monsoon currents, etc.)
Indian Ocean Dipole
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The Issue
Progress in describing, understanding, and predicting has been limited in part by a general lack of long data records from the Indian Ocean region.
Many international programs have been carried out in the Indian Ocean since the International Indian Ocean Expedition in the 1960s, but they have not left a legacy of comprehensive sustained observations.
CLIVAR and GOOS established an Indian Ocean Panel in 2004 to design and guide the implementation of an Indian Ocean Observing System for climate.
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Indian Ocean Observing System (IndOOS)
Multi-platform
Satellite & in situ
Basin scale
Long-term
Priority on real-time
See CLIVAR Exchanges, October 2006
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ATLASTRITON
Moorings
AdvantagesRapid sampling in time to resolve high frequenciesInstruments recovered to allow post-calibrationFixed grid array so time and space are not mixedMulti-variate (ocean, atmosphere, biogeochemical)
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RAMA
Basin scale, upper ocean (500 m) focus.
Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Eq. Waveguide, Thermocline ridge (5°-10°S), subtropical subduction, Java upwelling.
Design supported by numerical model observing system studies.
RAMA
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Present Status
38% complete (18 out of 47 Sites; 4 Flux Reference Sites)
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Indian Ocean Dipole, 2006
Neutral=±0.5°C
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Comparison of Oct-Nov 2004 & 2006
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ADCP Time Series
Wyrtki Jets
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ADCP Time Series
Stronger EUC in Feb-Mar 06
Biweekly oscillations
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Deployment with flux enhancements8°S, 67°E
CIRENE ATLAS Mooring
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2006-07 cyclone season
Cyclone Dora
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Response to Dora
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Indian Ocean Heat Fluxes
(1) Numerical weather prediction (NWP) models often overestimate latent heat loss.
(2) ISCCP overestimates solar radiation but underestimates the long wave radiation.
(3) At 0, 80E, NWP fluxes are underestimated by 40-60 W m-2
(4) OAFlux latent heat flux compares best with buoy estimates.
Latent
Sensible
Solar
Longwave
Net
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Three Challenges
Ship time (≥ 140 days per year to maintain full array)
Funding
Vandalism by Fishermen
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Vandal-Resistant Mooring Design Modifications
ATLAS
-Make sensors and equipment more difficult to remove by using specialized hardware
Conehead buoys-Remove vulnerable sensors-Make buoys harder to board-Remove buoy attachment points
Conehead buoy
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80°E Process Study, 2008-11
Expanded ADCP array along 80.5 ºE will include some moorings enhanced for upper ocean T and S measurements. Two surface moorings will have vandal resistant design.
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Indian Ocean International Cooperation and Capacity
Building for RAMA
• USA (NOAA) and Indonesia (DKP and BPPT) signed an MOU
• USA (NOAA) and Japan (JAMSTEC) are drafting an updated MOU
• USA (NOAA) and India (MoES) will sign an MOU in April 2008
• China (SOA) and Indonesia (DKP) signed an MOU
• U.Paris/IFREMER and NOAA/PMEL collaborated to expand into SW Indian Ocean
Tsunami/RAMA cruise RV Baruna Jaya III Sept
2007
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Summary RAMA has been endorsed by the international community is under development
Data will find applications inresearch, model
development, ocean state estimation, forecast initialization and validation,
satellite validation There are challenges to full implementation, but they being addressed
Opportunities exist for inclusion of sensors to support biogeosciences programs and for coordination with the tsunami hazards community
RAMA