Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Neutrino Physics – Past, Present, and Future

Dave WarkImperial/RAL

Cracow SchoolZakopane

June 20-21, 2007

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

70±570±4

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Which left us where?

But no smoking gun for oscillations….

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

SNO CollaborationT. Kutter, C.W. Nally, S.M. Oser, T. Tsui, C.E. Waltham, J. Wendland University of British Columbia

J. Boger, R.L. Hahn, R. Lange, M. YehBrookhaven National Lab

A. Bellerive, X. Dai, F. Dalnoki-Veress, R.S. Dosanjh, D.R. Grant, C.K. Hargrove, L. Heelan, R.J. Hemingway, I. Levine, C. Mifflin, E. Rollin, O. Simard, D. Sinclair, N. Starinsky, G. Tesic, D. Waller Carleton University

M. Bergevin, P. Jagam, H. Labranche, J. Law, I.T. Lawson, B.G. Nickel, R.W. Ollerhead, J.J. Simpson University of Guelph

B. Aharmim, J. Farine, F. Fleurot, E.D. Hallman, A. Kruger, S. Luoma, M.H. Schwendener, R. Tafirout, C.J. VirtueLaurentian University

Y.D. Chan, X. Chen, C.A. Currat, K.M. Heeger, K.T. Lesko, A.D. Marino, E.B. Norman, C.E. Okada, A.W.P. Poon, S.S.E. Rosendahl, R.G. StokstadLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

M.G. Boulay, T.J. Bowles, S.R. Elliott,, J. Heise, A. Hime,R. Van de Water, J.M. WoutersLos Alamos National Laboratory

S.D. Biller, M.G. Bowler, B.T. Cleveland, G. Doucas, J.A. Dunmore, H. Fergani, K. Frame, N.A. Jelley, J.C. Loach, S. Majerus, G. McGregor, S.J.M. Peeters, C.J. Sims, M. Thorman, H. Wan Chan Tseung, N. West, J.R. Wilson, K. Zuber Oxford University

E.W. Beier, H. Deng, M. Dunford, W. Frati, W.J. Heintzelman, C.C.M. Kyba, M. Neubauer, N. McCauley, V.L. Rusu, R. Van Berg, P. WittichUniversity of Pennsylvania

S.N. Ahmed, M. Chen, F.A. Duncan, E.D. Earle, B.G. Fulsom, H.C. Evans, G.T. Ewan, K. Graham, A.L. Hallin, W.B. Handler, P.J. Harvey, C. Howard, L. Kormos, M.S. Kos, C. Kraus, C.B. Krauss, J.R. Leslie, R. MacLellan, H.B. Mak, J. Maneira, A.B. McDonald, B.A. Moffat, A.J. Noble, C.V. Ouellet, B.C. Robertson, P. Skensved, M. Thomson, Y.Takeuchi, A. Wright Queen’s University

D.L. Wark Rutherford Laboratory

A.E. Anthony, J.C. Hall, M. Huang, J.R. Klein, S. Seibert University of Texas at Austin

R.L. Helmer TRIUMF

T.V. Bullard, G.A. Cox, P.J. Doe, C.A. Duba, J.A. Formaggio, N. Gagnon, R. Hazama, M.A. Howe, S. McGee, K.K.S. Miknaitis, N.S. Oblath, J.L. Orrell, K. Rielage, R.G.H. Robertson, M.W.E. Smith, L.C. Stonehill, B.L. Wall, J.F. WilkersonUniversity of Washington

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RAL

2nd Smoking Gun – SNO

NCxx νν ++→+ npd

ES +→+ e−νe−ν x

CC e−ppd ++→+νe

x

- Q = 1.445 MeV- good measurement of νe energy spectrum- some directional info ∝ (1 – 1/3 cosθ)- νe only

- Q = 2.22 MeV - measures total 8B ν flux from the Sun- equal cross section for all ν types

- low statistics - mainly sensitive to νe, some νµ and ντ

- strong directional sensitivity

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

The enemy…..

βs and γs from decays in these chains interfere with our signals at low energies

And worse, γs over 2.2 MeVcause d + γ → n + p

Design called for: D2O < 10 -15 gm/gm U/Th H2O < 10-14 gm/gm U/Th Acrylic < 10-12 gm/gm U/Th

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Internal

External

SNO Backgrounds

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

2 tons of NaCl added to D2O on June 1, 2001

3H 36Cl

2H+n

35Cl+n

6.0 MeV

8.6 MeVσ = 0.0005 b

σ = 44 b

Blind analysis techniqueused…

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Comparison of pure D2O and Salt results

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

2nd Smoking Gun – SNO

This demonstrates that neutrinos change flavour..

Flavour content of solar flux.

12604

12638.034.0

21.021.0

1034.182.5

10.)(.)(94.4−−

−−+−

+−

×±=Φ

×=Φ

scmscmsysstat

BP

NC

12615.015.0

22.022.0

12608.009.0

06.006.0

10.)(.)(35.2

10.)(.)(68.1−−+

−+−

−−+−

+−

×=Φ

×=Φ

scmsysstatscmsysstat

ES

CC

Latest SNO numbers, full salt data

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Global Solar Analysis with SNO 391-day salt data

• SNO suppression factor > 2 for L >> Lv ⇒ MSW effect• Possible to observe on Earth?

Best fit implies Lv ~ 100km

SNO finds:

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

KamLAND

Sum over all Japanese power reactors...

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

KamLAND

80% of total contribution comes from 130~220km distance

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

KamLAND

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

KamLANDS

lides

from

S. E

nom

oto’

s ta

lk a

t WI N

05

Proved (with other results) that neutrinos oscillate……or at least do a damned fine impression.

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Solar+KamLAND Oscillation Fit

Solar + KamLAND

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Borexino Physics Target – 7Be neutrinos

And the big news is…

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Now filled andtaking data!

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

The Near Future – Solar and Reactor

SNO 3He detectors – different systematics → better determine θ12

Other future solar neutrinoExperiments –

KamLAND, SNO+, CLEAN,XMASS, etc.- no time

to discuss.

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

The Near Future – Solar and Reactor

Improvements of KamLAND also improve θ12 sensitivity

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

1st Smoking Gun – SK Atmospheric

Observed ratio ~1, Look at zenith angle distributions…

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Plots from Y. Suzuki

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Background to Proton Decay Experiments

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Also seen by Kamiokande

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

The Super-KamiokandeDetector

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

µ

eνµ produces a µ,

which produces a sharp ring

νe producesan electron,

which produces a “fuzzy” ring

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

SK data as a function of zenith angle

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

1st Smoking Gun – SK Atmospheric

Late

st a

naly

sis

from

Chr

is W

alte

r, IC

HE

P06

.

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

From Chris Walter’s talk at ICHEP

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Super Kamiokande Rebuild

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

The first long baseline experiment – K2K

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Final K2K Statistics

Plots from Pier Loverre’s talk at TAUP05.

56.845multi-ring8.29 e-like

90.858 µ-like99.0671 ring

155.9112AllNsk

predNskobs

Oscillation – disappearance – two flavors analysis

sin22θ = 1.19 ± 0.23 ∆m2 = (2.55 ± 0.40)x10-3eV2

1.881.88××1010-3-3 ≤≤ ∆∆mm22 ≤≤ 3.48 3.48××1010-3-3 eV eV22 (90%CL) for sin (90%CL) for sin2222θθ=1=1

1R-µ Energy spectrum

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

NuMI - MINOS

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

MINOS Detectors

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

MINOS Event

Entrance point

xy

B

Beam direction

MINOS preliminary

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Slide from Geoff Pearce’s talk at ICHEP06

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark

Allowed Regions from MINOS, K2K

Cracow School

Imperial College/RALDave Wark