Activitatea terminologica IV

standardization - organisms; language planning

Activitatea terminologica IV

Terminology standardization can be subdivided into two distinct activities: standardization of terminologies, standardization of terminological principles and

methods “terminology standardization precedes

subject standardization”

Activitatea terminologica IV

Beginnings of standardization: - the International Electrotechnical Commission

(IEC) - was founded in London, 1906 following a recommendation passed at the International Electrical Congress, in St. Louis, USA, on 15 September 1904

Aim: to standardize the terminology of electrotechnology for the sake of the quality of its subject standards=>

the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) (1938)

The IEV Online Database can be accessed via http://domino.iec.ch/iev/iev.nsf/Welcome?OpenForm

Activitatea terminologica IV

The predecessor to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) = the International Federation of Standardizing Associations ISA ( founded in 1926)

Nominally, ISO/TC 37 was established from the very beginning of ISO in 1946

re-activated only in 1951 the Committee started operation in 1952

(after WWI). Since then the secretariat of ISO/TC 37 has been held by Austria.

Activitatea terminologica IV

3 sub-committees: • ISO/TC 37/SC 1 “Principles and methods” • ISO/TC 37/SC 2 “Terminography and

lexicography” • ISO/TC 37/SC 3 “Computer applications for

terminology”.

Activitatea terminologica IV

Standardization (rel. to terminology): Institutional standardization = a body sets the

preferred use for a designation International standardization = an international

body sets the characteristics that a product should have and the term(s) appropriate for it

(non-interventionist) standardization = a terminological system monitors itself by mutual accord of its end-users

Activitatea terminologica IV

Standardization Organisms – 4 types: national and regional bodies that represent

ISO and IEC- Multinational bodies that act as

standardization bodies- Major international organizations that have

standardization sections- Specialized bodies in a particular field /

subject matter

Activitatea terminologica IV

Exemples- DIN Deutsche Industrie Normen- BS British Standards- ANSI American National Standards Institute- IEC International Electrotechnical Committee

etc.alsoInternational Standardization Organization (ISO)Prescriptions (quality, size etc.) + terminological info

(terms, definitions)

Activitatea terminologica IV

International Standardization Organization (ISO) - Initiated in 1926 as ISA (after WWI)- 1946/1947 => ISO (25 countries)- Headquarters in Geneva- Coordinates the process of unifying all standards

(except in electronics)- Collaborates with other international / national

organizations (AFNOR, BSI, FAO, UNESCO)- The recommendations are issued by 190 technical

committees

Activitatea terminologica IV

BSI www.standardsuk.com AFNOR http://www.afnor.fr/ UNESCO www.unesco.org/ FAO http://www.fao.org/ = search glossary

http://www.codexalimentarius.net/web/index_en.jsp

International organisms CEN – European Committe for Standardization CENELEC – Comité Eutopeo de Normalización Electroté

cnica ETSI – Comité Eutopeo de Normalización ISO – International Organization for Standardization IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission ITU-T – International Telecommunication Union Telecom

munication Standarization Sector IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

National organizationsAsociación Española de Normalización (AENOR)Canada Standards Council of Canada (SCC)France Association française de normalisation (AFNOR)Germany Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN)Ireland National Standards Authority of Ireland (NSAI)Iceland Icelandic Council for Standardization (STRI)Portugal Instituto Português da Qualidade (IPQ)United Kingdom British Standards Institution (BSI)USA American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Activitatea terminologica IV

ISO standards related to terminology ISO 10241:1992 International terminology standards ISO TR 12618:1994 Computational aids in

terminology. Creation and use of terminological databases and text corpora

ISO 5127-1:1983 Documentation and Information. Vocabulary Part 1: Basic concepts

ISO standards are regularly reviewed and modified if necessary

Activitatea terminologica IV

Is standardization necessary? Imprecise/Incorrect terminology can have

undesirable effects on:- Regulations and laws (become contradictory);- Technical translations (resulting in confusing

instructions)- Classifications (can become confusing =>

increased search time, unsuccessful product searching etc.)

- Warehouse management;- Production…

Activitatea terminologica IV

Operations involved in standardization:

The creation / selection of a norm

The promotion of this norm over other usages (ap. A. Rey, 1995)

Activitatea terminologica IV

Processes involved in standardization: Unification of concepts and concept systems Definition of terms Reduction of homonymy Elimination of synonymy Fixing of designations (i.e. symbols, abbreviations

etc.) Term creation (primary / secondary)

(ap. M.T. Cabre1999)

Activitatea terminologica IV

Linguistic policy occurs at two levels: A. Of a state / group of states linked by a

common language / culture Imposing internal standards (spelling reform, ex.

Romania, 1992; the law for the protection of the French language; in Canada (Quebec) the amenagement linguistique ~ linguistic reform – a policy of francisation imposed by The Bureau de Langues)

Other exemples: the Arabisation of teaching in the Arabic-speaking countries

Activitatea terminologica IV

B. Interlinguistic standardization of national institutions (rel. to translation)

Multinational states / International institutions – obliged to use several languages (Canada, Belgium, EU, NATO) => require translation (hence documentation and terminology) services

(for the EU see http://europea.eu.int/comm/dgs/translation/index_en.htm

Language management involves recording, storing and disseminating terminology without interfering in its development. Language management plays an important role in the collection and dissemination of standardized terminology.

Language planning is the intervention into language to either create new terminology to fill gaps in a language (as in the case of domain loss) or to encourage the growth and development of a language. Terminology standardization supports language-planning efforts and facilitates the implementation of the new terminology.

Terminology planning

A language community whose language has not developed scientific and technical terminologies is unavoidably forced to use some other, more developed foreign language for domain communication.

Consequence? A country’s relative level of development can be

measured by the average capability of its citizens to use information for the sake of knowledge transfer and capacity building.

Terminology planning

“Language planning refers to deliberate efforts to influence the behaviour of others with respect to the acquisition, structure, or functional allocation of their language codes”.

Cooper (1989)

Terminology planning

Language planning covers a mixture of methods and approaches, including terminology and lexicography, terminology management, translation and translation management, and increasingly, corpus-based approaches (term extraction, corpus analysis for spotting neologisms coined in discourse communities, etc.)

Terminology planning

Terminology planning

Terminology planning develops language largely according to the needs and requirements of communication for a specific domain.

Different user groups need terminological data having different degrees of complexity and detail for different purposes.

Terminology planning consciously and systematically develops special language according to the needs and requirements of domain communication

Terminology planning

A national terminology policy is a public strategy formulated at the level of political decision making in a country (or in a more or less autonomous language community within a country or a region that spreads across the borders of two or more countries) with the aim of developing or regulating emerging and existing terminologies for an array of purposes.

Terminology planning

Stages in the creation and implementation of TS PHASE I – Preparation for the terminology policy; PHASE II – Formulation of the terminology policy; PHASE III – Implementation of the terminology

policy; PHASE IV – Sustained operation of the terminology

infrastructure and the adaptation mechanism for the terminology policy.

Terminology planning

Terminology planning

Resource

Read the section Standardization in The Pavel Terminology Tutorial at

http://www.bt-tb.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/btb-pavel.php?page=chap5-1&lang=eng&contlang=eng