AGRICULTURAL ADAPTATIONS TO AGRICULTURAL ADAPTATIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN COASTAL CLIMATE CHANGE IN COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS OF BANGLADESHECOSYSTEMS OF BANGLADESH

Dr. Md. Abdus SalamPost Doctoral Fellow, Kansas State University and

Principal Scientific OfficerBangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka 1

Bangladesh

2

� Bangladesh predominantly is an agricultural country with a populationof over 160 million

� Around 60% of the population engaged in agriculture

� The total area is 14.85 million ha of which 62% are arable (8.2 million ha)

� Irrigated area covers 55% of the total cultivated land

Background

3

� Agriculture contributes about 20%

to the national economy, which

includes -

Crops(12.3%),Fisheries(3.7%)&

Livestock (4%)

� Long history of Agricultural

Research - started in 1908

Background

4

� Major crops are rice, wheat, jute,

maize, potato, fruits, vegetables,

pulses, oilseed, and spices

� Fisheries (inland and marine) and

livestock are also productive sector

Background

5

Cultivated Area Under Different Crops

6

Rice

73%

Wheat

6%

Pulses

4%

Oil Seeds

3%

Spices

2% Fibers

4%

Sugar Cane

1% Tea

1%

Tobacco

1%

Vegetables

2%

Potato

1%

Fruits

2%

Others

1%

Coastal Area

7

Source: GoB (2012), Master Plan for Agricultural Development in Southern Bangladesh

8

2214CR%

22387,362Bangladesh

4912,213Coastal

Urban Centre

VillageRegion

Source: GoB (2012)

Distribution of Village & Urban Centre

Background

Background

9

� The coastal area: 44,932 km2 or

30% of the country

�27% of the total population live in

coastal area

� The coastal areas cover more than

35% of the cultivable lands

Background

10

� Around 53% of the coastal areas are

affected by salinity

� The organic matter content of the soils

is also pretty low (1.0-1.5%).

Deficiencies of N and P are quite

dominant in saline soils

� Excluding Sundarbans, the remaining

coastal region is used for agriculture

11

4%

54%

42%

Flood Erosion Storm surges

��Cyclone Cyclone

��Coastal Tidal SurgeCoastal Tidal Surge

��Salinity Intrusion Salinity Intrusion

��River Bank ErosionRiver Bank Erosion

��Unsettled Char LandsUnsettled Char Lands

��High incidence of poverty and malnutritionHigh incidence of poverty and malnutrition

Climate Change Hazards

12

Climate Change Hazards

14

Climate Change Impact

15

How climate change induced hazards and affects agriculture

16

� Climate Change reduces rice

production an average 3.9 % each year

�4°C temperature increase would have a

sever impact on food production,

resulting 28% reduction for rice and a

68 % reduction for wheat

� Bangladesh losses about 0.5 million

tones of rice annually as a result of

floods

Climate Change Impact on Coastal Area

Bangladesh Forest Research InstituteBangladesh Forest Research Institute

Bangladesh Tea Research InstituteBangladesh Tea Research Institute

Bangladesh Fisheries Research InstituteBangladesh Fisheries Research Institute

Bangladesh Livestock Research InstituteBangladesh Livestock Research Institute

Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute

Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute

Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture

Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture

Bangladesh Jute Research InstituteBangladesh Jute Research Institute

Bangladesh Rice Research InstituteBangladesh Rice Research Institute

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute

Standing Committee: � Budget & Audit� Research Program

Standing Committee: � Budget & Audit� Research Program

Schedule ASchedule ASchedule A

Executive Council

BARC

Executive Council Executive Council

BARC BARC

Schedule BSchedule BSchedule B

Soil Resources Development InstituteSoil Resources Development Institute

Bangladesh Sericulture Research & Training Institute

Bangladesh Sericulture Research & Training Institute

Cotton Development BoardCotton Development Board

18

Flow Chart of Technology Development & Adoption

Identification of Climate ImpactsIdentification of Climate Impacts

Research & Development of TechnologiesResearch & Development of Technologies

Adaptive TrialAdaptive Trial

Adoption by FarmersAdoption by Farmers

Dissemination of TechnologiesDissemination of Technologies

19

�� AdjustmentAdjustment in natural or human in natural or human

systems in response to systems in response to actualactual or or

expected climate stimuli or their expected climate stimuli or their

effectseffects, which moderates harm or , which moderates harm or

exploits beneficial opportunities (IPCC, exploits beneficial opportunities (IPCC,

2001)2001)

�� Many types of adaptation, Many types of adaptation, egeg., .,

autonomous adaptation and autonomous adaptation and planned planned

adaptationadaptation

Adaptation

20

�� StressStress (salinity and flood) tolerant (salinity and flood) tolerant

varietiesvarieties

�� Short durationShort duration cropscrops

�� Innovative farmingInnovative farming practices (floating practices (floating

gardens, irrigation efficiency)gardens, irrigation efficiency)

�� Crop Crop diversificationdiversification

�� Changing/shifting Changing/shifting cropping patterncropping pattern

�� WaterWater ManagementManagement

Key Adaptation Technologies in Agriculture at Coastal Bangladesh

21

BRRI Saline Tolerant Rice Varieties

8-10June-DecAmanBR- 55

8-10June-DecAmanBR- 54

8-10June-DecAmanBR- 53

8-10Dec-MayBoroBR- 47

8-10June-DecAmanBR- 23

8-10June-DecAmanBR- 41

8-10June-DecAmanBR- 40

Salinity tolerant level

(ds/m)

MonthsSeasonVarieties

22

T. Aman varieties with salt tolerance (8 dS/m at reproductive stage) and Boro(BRRI dhan55)

23

Saline Tolerant Rice Varieties

BR-40

24

Saline Tolerant Rice Varieties

BR-40BR-53

�Salinity Tolerant: 8-10ds/m�Yield: 4-5 t/ha

Crops Number

Rice 4

Mustard 1

Soybean 2

Seasame 2

Groundnut 3

Mungbean 4

BINA Saline Tolerant Varieties

Released: 2007, Duration: 115-120 days, Yield: Average 5.0 t/ha, Total cost: 61,976/ha, Total income: 117525/ha, Benefit Cost Ratio: 1.89

Saline Tolerant Rice Varieties

Released: 2010, Duration: 130-135 days, Salinity tolerance : Seedling stage: 10-12 ds/m, Mature stage: 8-10 ds/m, Yield: Boro: 4.5 t/ha in saline condition, 6.5 t/ha in normal condition, Aman: 4.0 t/ha in saline condition, 4.5 t/ha in normal condition,

Total cost: 62450/ha, Total income: 82500/ha, Benefit Cost Ratio: 1.32

Saline Tolerant Rice Varieties

Salt field at Bashkhali, Chittagong

Binadhan-8

Released: 2012, Duration: 125-130 days, Salinity tolerance : Seedling stage: 12-14 ds/m, Mature stage: 10-12 ds/m, Yield: Boro: 5.0-5.5 t/ha in saline condition, 6.5 t/ha in normal condition, Aman: 4.0 t/ha in saline condition, 5.0 t/ha in normal condition,

Total cost: 62450/ha, Total income: 82500/ha, Benefit Cost Ratio: 1.32

Saline Tolerant Rice Varieties

Jan Feb Mar April May June Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

BR47 BR23

1. BRRI dhan47-Fallow-BR23

2. BRRI dhan47-Fallow-BRRI dhan40,

3. BRRI dhan47-Fallow-BRRI dhan41

4. BRRI dhan47-Fallow-BRRI dhan44.

5. Fallow-Fallow-Local Cultivar

Pattern yield 7.5 -8 t/ha

Existing pattern yield 2.7 t/ha

Soil Salinity 8.4 dS/m in Feb.

Cropping patterns for saline ecosystem

31

�Use of mini pond for supplemental irrigation�Sweet water preservation in canal�Use of PBC Pipe to reduce irrigation loss

Water Management Technologies

Water ManagementImproved Salinity Management Techniques

Using drip irrigation or manual pump irrigation methods in raised bed with mulch, farmers can grow horticultural crops like tomato, chili, watermelon etc. It can reduce soil salinity substantially (10 dS/m to only 4.5 dS/m) Drip Irrigation layout

Tomato Watermelon Chilli

33

Components Net income(Tk.ha-1)

BR23+mixed fish 62,470/$791

BR23+Tilapia 71,685/$907

Morichsail+Tilapia 50,573/$640

BR23 only 23,500/$297

Morichsail only 20,015/$253

Farm level agro-economic performance of rice-fish culture at Dacope

34

Rice-Fish culture in costal area

35

Swarna

BR-51

�Tolerate 14-16 daysof natural flash flood

�Yield 4.0 t/ha

Flash Flood Tolerant Rice Variety

36

Saline Tolerant Wheat Varieties

BARI GOM 27

� Resistant to LR and tolerant to

BpLB diseases

� High yield potential (4.0-5.4 t/ha)

� Resistant to stem rust race UG 99

BARI GOM 28

� High yielding(4.0–5.5 t/ha)

� Resistant to leaf rust & tolerant to Leaf Blight diseases

� Very early in maturity (102-108 days)

� Tolerant to terminal heat stress & salinity(6-8 ds/m)

BARI Gom 27

BARI Gom 28

Heat tolerant, High yieldingResistant to stem rust

Heat tolerant, High yieldingTolerant to salinity

BARI gom 25

BARI gom 26

Performance of new wheat variety (BARI Gom 23) in southern parts of

Bangladesh

BARI GOM 25

Yield: 3.1 mt/ha

Farmers’ Field at Amtali, Borguna

Salinity range: 6-8 dS/m

BARI GOM 26

Yield: 3.6 mt/ha

Wheat Cultivation in CoastalRegion

22

’ed - -T. )

21

- T. )

BARI Hybrid Maize 7 BARI Mungbean 6

BARI Potato BARI Hybrid Maize 3

BARI varieties Performance in saline area

• Suitable for cultivation in the coastal region (salinity level : 3.72-5.05dS/m)

• Moderately resistant to Alternaria disease

• High yielding(2.0-2.2

t/ha)

BARI Sarisha 16

MUSTARD

BARI Sarisha 15

Oil Seed Variety for Coastal Area

Duration: 80 days, Yield: Average 1.9 t/ha, Total cost: 28105/ha, Total income: 77050/ha, Benefit Cost Ratio: 2.75

BARI Chinabadam 8/Peanut

� Yield: 2.5 – 2.7 t/ha

� Duration –Rabi: 140-150 days Kharif: 125 –140 days

BARI Chinabadam 9

� Yield: 2.5 – 2.8 t/ha

� Duration –Rabi: 140-150 days Kharif: 120 –130 days

Oil Seed Variety for Coastal Area

BINA Chinabadam 1

� Salinity Tolerant: 8ds/m

� Yield: 2.0 – 2.3 t/ha

� Duration –Rabi: 140-150 days Kharif: 120 –130 days

Oil Seed Variety for Coastal Area

� Salinity Tolerant: 8ds/m

� Yield: 2.0 – 2.4 t/ha

� Duration –Rabi: 140-150 days Kharif: 120 –140 days

BINA Chinabadam 1

BINA Chinabadam 2

Oil Seed Variety for Coastal Area

Duration: 85 days, Yield: 1.3 t/ha, BCR: 2.09

Duration: 91-98 days, Yield: 1.4 t/ha, BCR:2.25

Binatil 1

Binatil 2

BARI Til 4BARI Gom 26

BARI Soybean 1

Different varieties Performance at Sathkhira

BINA Soybean 1

BARI Cowpea-1

Pulse Varieties Performance in Saline Area

BARI Mung 6

�Duration:55-58days�Yield: 1.2-1.4 t/ha

�Duration:60-65days�Yield: 1.8 t/ha

�Yield: 1.3-1.4 t/ha

�Duration: 110-115days�Yield: 1.6-1.9 t/ha

Binamung 8 Binakheshari 1

BARI developed IPM technology at TistaChar Area of Gongachora, Rangpur

After 7 days continuous irrigationMaize in irrigated condition

Out of 15 crosses 3 promising water logged tolerant materials were found. Yield range: 7.9 - 8.9 t/ha waterlogged condition & 10.7-11.7 t/ha in control condition.

Waterlogged Tolerant Maize

� Ovoid shaped & shiny

light green fruit

� 35 - 40 fruits/plant

� Plants moderately

resistant to bacterial

wilt, resistant to foot

rot.

� Yield 55 - 60 t/ha

� Long cylindrical deep

purple fruits

� Tolerant to bacterial

wilt

� 40 - 50 fruits/plant

� Fruits can be harvested

in 55-65 days

� Yield 55 - 60 t/ha

BARI Hybrid Begun 4 BARI Hybrid Begun 3

Moderately Saline Tolerant Vegetable

Tomato in raised bed with mulchBARI Derosh 1

BARI Puishak 1

Moderately Saline Tolerant Vegetable

BARI Puishak 2

BARI Puishak 1

Moderately Saline Tolerant Vegetable

53

Floating Vegetables Garden in Coastal Area

54

Floating Vegetables Garden in Coastal Area

55

Floating Vegetables Garden in Coastal

56

Homestead Vegetables Garden in Coastal Area

BARI Aam-4 (Hybrid)

Fruit wt. 600g

• Regular bearer• Fruiting season: Late variety• Skin colour: Slightly Yellow• Pulp colour: Yellow• Very sweet (TSS 24%)• Yield:15-20 t/ha

Homestead Fruit in Coastal Area

BARI Bilati Gaab 1

• High yield (372 fruits, 121 kg/plant)

• Large fruit (325g) • Tasty & sweet (TSS 15%)• High edible portion (72.15%)

Homestead Fruits in Coastal Area

BAU Kotbel 1

• High yield (10-12 t/ha)

59

Saline Tolerant Coconut Varieties

High yielding(75-95/yr.)Tolerant to Salinity

High yielding(65-75/yr.), Tolerant to Salinity

BARI Narikel-2

BARI Narikel-1

60

Saline Tolerant Fruits Varieties

High yielding(30-35t/ha)Tolerant to Salinity

High yielding(15-17t/ha) Tolerant to Salinity

BARI Amra-2

BARI Sapota-3

61

Saline Tolerant Fruits Varieties

BARI Peyara-2

BARI Peyara-3

62

Saline Tolerant Betel leaf Varieties

BARI Paan-1 BARI Paan-2

Yield: 18 t/ha Yield: 14 t/ha

High yielding(110-160t/ha), Tolerant to Salinity 4-18ds/m

High yielding(90-120t/ha), Tolerant to Salinity 4-18 ds/m

Ishordi-37

Saline Tolerant Sugarcane Varieties

Ishordi-41

High yielding(5.5t/ha), Tolerant to Salinity

High yielding(5t/ha)Tolerant to Salinity

Saline Tolerant Jute Varieties

CVL-1

HC-95

65

�Yield: 2-2.5 t/ha�Salinity Tolerant: 8-11ds/m

Saline Tolerant Cotton Variety

Cotton Cultivation on the Gher Boundary in Coastal Area

66

Saline Tolerant Fish

�Duration: 4 Months�Yield: 8-9 t/ha

Monosex Telapia Paangas Fish

�Duration: 8-10 Months�Yield: 25-30 t/ha

67

Saline Tolerant Fish

�Duration: 6 Months�Yield: 3-4 t/ha

�Duration: 4-5 Months�Yield: 320 kg/ha & 1.6t/ha

Nona Tengra Coastal Shrimp

68

Saline Tolerant Fish

�Duration: 3-4 Months�Yield: 2000 kg/ha

Bagda Shrimp

Tilapia Cage Culture

69

Potential Areas for Cage Culture

Source: GoB (2012)

70

IGA

Cattle/Beef Fattening

Sheep Rearing

Fodder Production

Goat Rearing

71

Problems of Adaptation

� Differential adaptation rates due to

cost involvement

� Salinity level fluctuation

� Migration

� Polder missmanagement

� Lack of training (Floating

Gardening)

� Lack of marketing channel

72

Future Research

� Needs to develop wide range salinity

tolerant varieties

� Needs to develop submerged salt

tolerant varieties

� Strengthen research on cropping

pattern & water management

� Thrust should be given on integrated

farming system

� Socio-economic studies on factors

and challenges of adaptation in

agriculture

This is our dream for the coastal zone This is our dream for the coastal zone to have good cropsto have good crops

73

Thank You Very Much........Thank You Very Much........