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Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 6
Health and Wellness
Chapter 6
Health and Wellness
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The World Health Organization (WHO)The World Health Organization (WHO)
• Health, according to the WHO, is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The World Health Organization (WHO) (cont’d)The World Health Organization (WHO) (cont’d)• Goals
– To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
– To achieve universal primary education
– To promote gender equality and empower women
– To reduce child mortality and improve maternal health
– To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
– To ensure environmental sustainability and develop a global partnership for development
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Components of HealthComponents of Health• Health must be considered in its broadest, holistic sense.
– Physical health
– Emotional health
– Psychological or mental health
– Social health
– Spiritual health
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Morbidity and MortalityMorbidity and Mortality
• Morbidity
– The number of people with an illness or disorder relative to a specific population
• Mortality
– The chances of death associated with a particular illness or disorder
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Nursing Implications Related to Healthcare FinancingNursing Implications Related to Healthcare Financing
• The United States spends more on health than other industrialized country.
• The United States spends billions of dollars every year on HIV/AIDS.
• More than half of this cost goes to medical care. Some of the funds go to research and preventative educational programs.
• Childhood immunizations represent a cost-effective and very efficient use of healthcare monies.
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Question Question
Is the following statement true or false?
Morality refers to the chances of death associated with a particular illness or disorder.
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Answer Answer
False
Morbidity refers to the number of people with an illness or disorder relative to a specific population. Mortality refers to the chances of death associated with a particular illness or disorder.
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Preventive Healthcare MeasuresPreventive Healthcare Measures• Prevention services or primary healthcare services
– Prenatal care for mothers and infants, antismoking campaigns, and mammography for women
• Secondary healthcare services
– Medical or surgical therapies, generally in acute care settings
• Rehabilitation or tertiary services
– Chronic illness or disability
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The Wellness–Illness ContinuumThe Wellness–Illness Continuum• An individual’s daily state of health falls somewhere on a
continuum from high-level wellness to death.
• The components that contribute to a state of wellness are:
– Good physical self-care
– Prevention of illness or injury
– Using one’s full intellectual potential
– Expressing emotions
– Managing stress appropriately
– Comfortable and congenial interpersonal relationships
– Concern about one’s environment and world conditions
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Implications of Acute and Chronic Illnesses as Part of the Continuum.Implications of Acute and Chronic Illnesses as Part of the Continuum.• Acute illnesses
– Interfere with the wellness–illness continuum for a short period of time, such as the common cold
• Chronic illnesses
– Arthritis, asthma, or HIV/AIDS result in a long-term health disturbance
• A person may have an acute illness, a chronic illness, or both. It is very common for an individual with a chronic illness to become acutely ill.
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The Wellness–Illness ContinuumThe Wellness–Illness Continuum
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question Question
Is the following statement true or false?
Arthritis is an acute illness.
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Answer Answer
False
Arthritis is a chronic illness that results in a long-term health disturbance. Affected individuals function within the wellness–illness continuum, but often are limited by their disorder. Acute illnesses interfere with the wellness–illness continuum for a short period of time.
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Wellness and Maslow’s Hierarchy Wellness and Maslow’s Hierarchy
• Maslow’s hierarchy and the responsibilities of the nurse relate to the health–illness continuum.
• If clients have survival needs but other needs are threatened, they function at a lower level on the hierarchy and move toward the illness end of the illness–wellness continuum.
• When basic needs are satisfied and they move toward self-actualization, the trend is toward the wellness end.
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Lifestyle and Risk Factors Lifestyle and Risk Factors
• Lifestyle Factors
– Patterns of living that an individual chooses to follow
• Risk Factors
– May or may not be preventable
– Certain risk factors relate to occupation, environment, or age
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Lifestyle and Risk Factors (cont’d)Lifestyle and Risk Factors (cont’d)
• Nursing Considerations
– Physical activity
– Nutrition
– Use of tobacco products
– Substance Abuse
– Stress
– Violence and Abuse
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Question Question
Is the following statement true or false?
The risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) doubles for children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy.
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Answer Answer
True
Pregnant women who smoke also increase the chances of having a low-birth-weight baby, preterm births, and stillborn babies.
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Healthcare Education and InformationHealthcare Education and Information
• Formal courses in school (e.g., mine safety)
• Informal courses (e.g., prenatal and birth courses)
• Public service announcements and advertisements
• Informational flyers, brochures, and books
• Nonprofit organizations (e.g., American Cancer Society, American Lung Association)
• Healthcare providers
• Internet Websites
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Age-Related Health ConcernsAge-Related Health Concerns
• Infants
– Low birth weight
– Congenital anomalies
– SIDS
– Respiratory distress syndrome
• Children
– Accidental injury
– Asthma
– Obesity
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Age-Related Health Concerns (cont’d)Age-Related Health Concerns (cont’d)
• Adolescents and Young Adults
– Motor vehicle accidents
– Firearms
– Binge drinking
– Suicide
– Eating disorders
– Sexual health and safe sex
– Pregnancy
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• Mature Adults
– Heart disease
– Cancer
– Diabetes mellitus
– Osteoporosis
Age-Related Health Concerns (cont’d)Age-Related Health Concerns (cont’d)
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• Older Adults
– Heart disease
– Cancer
– Stroke
– COPD
– Pneumonia
– Influenza
Age-Related Health Concerns (cont’d)Age-Related Health Concerns (cont’d)
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Question Question
Is the following statement true or false?
Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for adolescents and young adults.
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Answer Answer
True
Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for ages 10 to 24 years. Worldwide, two-thirds of the individuals killed in MVAs are under 45 years of age.
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Categories of Deviation From WellnessCategories of Deviation From Wellness
• Disease
• Organic and functional diseases
• Hereditary disorders
• Congenital disorders
• Infectious diseases
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Categories of Deviation From Wellness (cont’d)Categories of Deviation From Wellness (cont’d)
• Deficiency diseases
• Metabolic disorders
• Neoplastic diseases
• Traumatic injuries
• Occupational disorders