Chapter 6 Health and Wellness

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Chapter 6

Health and Wellness

Chapter 6

Health and Wellness


The World Health Organization (WHO)The World Health Organization (WHO)

• Health, according to the WHO, is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.


The World Health Organization (WHO) (cont’d)The World Health Organization (WHO) (cont’d)• Goals

– To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

– To achieve universal primary education

– To promote gender equality and empower women

– To reduce child mortality and improve maternal health

– To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

– To ensure environmental sustainability and develop a global partnership for development


Components of HealthComponents of Health• Health must be considered in its broadest, holistic sense.

– Physical health

– Emotional health

– Psychological or mental health

– Social health

– Spiritual health


Morbidity and MortalityMorbidity and Mortality

• Morbidity

– The number of people with an illness or disorder relative to a specific population

• Mortality

– The chances of death associated with a particular illness or disorder


Nursing Implications Related to Healthcare FinancingNursing Implications Related to Healthcare Financing

• The United States spends more on health than other industrialized country.

• The United States spends billions of dollars every year on HIV/AIDS.

• More than half of this cost goes to medical care. Some of the funds go to research and preventative educational programs.

• Childhood immunizations represent a cost-effective and very efficient use of healthcare monies.


Question Question

Is the following statement true or false?

Morality refers to the chances of death associated with a particular illness or disorder.


Answer Answer

False

Morbidity refers to the number of people with an illness or disorder relative to a specific population. Mortality refers to the chances of death associated with a particular illness or disorder.


Preventive Healthcare MeasuresPreventive Healthcare Measures• Prevention services or primary healthcare services

– Prenatal care for mothers and infants, antismoking campaigns, and mammography for women

• Secondary healthcare services

– Medical or surgical therapies, generally in acute care settings

• Rehabilitation or tertiary services

– Chronic illness or disability


The Wellness–Illness ContinuumThe Wellness–Illness Continuum• An individual’s daily state of health falls somewhere on a

continuum from high-level wellness to death.

• The components that contribute to a state of wellness are:

– Good physical self-care

– Prevention of illness or injury

– Using one’s full intellectual potential

– Expressing emotions

– Managing stress appropriately

– Comfortable and congenial interpersonal relationships

– Concern about one’s environment and world conditions


Implications of Acute and Chronic Illnesses as Part of the Continuum.Implications of Acute and Chronic Illnesses as Part of the Continuum.• Acute illnesses

– Interfere with the wellness–illness continuum for a short period of time, such as the common cold

• Chronic illnesses

– Arthritis, asthma, or HIV/AIDS result in a long-term health disturbance

• A person may have an acute illness, a chronic illness, or both. It is very common for an individual with a chronic illness to become acutely ill.


The Wellness–Illness ContinuumThe Wellness–Illness Continuum


Question Question


Arthritis is an acute illness.


Answer Answer

False

Arthritis is a chronic illness that results in a long-term health disturbance. Affected individuals function within the wellness–illness continuum, but often are limited by their disorder. Acute illnesses interfere with the wellness–illness continuum for a short period of time.


Wellness and Maslow’s Hierarchy Wellness and Maslow’s Hierarchy

• Maslow’s hierarchy and the responsibilities of the nurse relate to the health–illness continuum.

• If clients have survival needs but other needs are threatened, they function at a lower level on the hierarchy and move toward the illness end of the illness–wellness continuum.

• When basic needs are satisfied and they move toward self-actualization, the trend is toward the wellness end.


Lifestyle and Risk Factors Lifestyle and Risk Factors

• Lifestyle Factors

– Patterns of living that an individual chooses to follow

• Risk Factors

– May or may not be preventable

– Certain risk factors relate to occupation, environment, or age


Lifestyle and Risk Factors (cont’d)Lifestyle and Risk Factors (cont’d)

• Nursing Considerations

– Physical activity

– Nutrition

– Use of tobacco products

– Substance Abuse

– Stress

– Violence and Abuse


Question Question


The risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) doubles for children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy.


Answer Answer

True

Pregnant women who smoke also increase the chances of having a low-birth-weight baby, preterm births, and stillborn babies.


Healthcare Education and InformationHealthcare Education and Information

• Formal courses in school (e.g., mine safety)

• Informal courses (e.g., prenatal and birth courses)

• Public service announcements and advertisements

• Informational flyers, brochures, and books

• Nonprofit organizations (e.g., American Cancer Society, American Lung Association)

• Healthcare providers

• Internet Websites


Age-Related Health ConcernsAge-Related Health Concerns

• Infants

– Low birth weight

– Congenital anomalies

– SIDS

– Respiratory distress syndrome

• Children

– Accidental injury

– Asthma

– Obesity


Age-Related Health Concerns (cont’d)Age-Related Health Concerns (cont’d)

• Adolescents and Young Adults

– Motor vehicle accidents

– Firearms

– Binge drinking

– Suicide

– Eating disorders

– Sexual health and safe sex

– Pregnancy


• Mature Adults

– Heart disease

– Cancer

– Diabetes mellitus

– Osteoporosis



• Older Adults

– Heart disease

– Cancer

– Stroke

– COPD

– Pneumonia

– Influenza



Question Question


Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for adolescents and young adults.


Answer Answer

True

Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for ages 10 to 24 years. Worldwide, two-thirds of the individuals killed in MVAs are under 45 years of age.


Categories of Deviation From WellnessCategories of Deviation From Wellness

• Disease

• Organic and functional diseases

• Hereditary disorders

• Congenital disorders

• Infectious diseases


Categories of Deviation From Wellness (cont’d)Categories of Deviation From Wellness (cont’d)

• Deficiency diseases

• Metabolic disorders

• Neoplastic diseases

• Traumatic injuries

• Occupational disorders


End of Presentation

Chapter 6 Health and Wellness

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