Post on 06-Jan-2016
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Chapter 1 - Introduction to Electronics
Introduction
Microelectronics
Integrated Circuits (IC) Technology
Silicon Chip
Microcomputer / Microprocessor
Discrete Circuits
Signals
Signal processing
http://www.eas.asu.edu/~midle/jdsp/jdsp.html
Signals
Voltage Sources
Current Sources
Thevenin & Norton
http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/ClickDevice/refdir.htmlhttp://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/Circuit_Design_Lab/circuit_design_lab.htmlhttp://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/CircuitElements/vcvs.html
Signals
Voltage Sources
Current Sources
http://www.clarkson.edu/~svoboda/eta/ClickDevice/super.htmlhttp://javalab.uoregon.edu/dcaley/circuit/Circuit_plugin.html
Signals
Voltage Sources
Current Sources
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
Fourier Series
Fourier Transform
Fundamental and Harmonics
http://www.educatorscorner.com/experiments/spectral/SpecAn3.shtml
x
frequency
time
Defining the Signal or Function to be Analyzed:
f t( ) sin 0 t t( ) .2 cos 7 0 t
0 1 2 3 4 5 62
0
2
f t( )
t
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
Fourier Series
http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/fourier2/index.html
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
Fourier Series
Fourier Series (Trigonometric form) of f(t):
a01
T 0
T
tf t( )
d a0 0 average value
an
2
T0
T
tf t( ) cos n 0 t
d cosine coefficients
n varying from 1 to N
10 20 30 40 50 600
0.1
an
0
n
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
Fourier Series
bn
2
T0
T
tf t( ) sin n 0 t
d sine coefficients
10 20 30 40 50 600
0.5
1
bn
0
n
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
Fourier Series
Rearranging total expression to include a0 in the complete spectrum
a1n
an
b1n
bn
c1n
1
2a1
n 2 b1n 2 c
0a0
0 10 20 30 40 50 600
0.2
0.4
c1n
0
n
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
Fourier Series
Reconstruction of time-domain function from trig. Fourier series:
f2 t( )
n1
an1
cos n1 0 t bn1
sin n1 0 t a0
0 1 2 3 4 5 62
0
2
f2 t( )
f t( )
t
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
Fourier SeriesFourier Series (Complex Form) of f(t):
wn
1
2N
n
Cn
1
T 0
tf t( ) ei wn 0 t
d
0 10 20 30 40 50 600
0.02
0.04
Cn
0
n
Fourier Transform of f(t) gives:
1
2N
12
N .25
1
2N
F 0
tf t( ) ei t
d
30 20 10 0 10 20 300
0.1
0.2
0.3
F ( )
0
The magnitude of F( ) yields the continuous frequency spectrum, and it is obviously of the form of the sampling function. The value of F(0) is A . A plot of |F( )| as a function of does not indicate the magnitude of the voltage present at any given frequency. What is it, then? Examination of F shows that, if f(t) is a voltage waveform, then F is dimensionally "volts per unit frequency," a concept that may be strange to most of us.
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/fourier2/index.html
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/listen/music1.html
http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/phasorlecture2/indexphasorlect2.htm
Analog and Digital Signals
Sampling Rate http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/sampling/index.html
Binary number systemhttp://scholar.hw.ac.uk/site/computing/activity11.asp
Analog-to-Digital Converterhttp://www.astro-med.com/knowledge/adc.htmlhttp://www.maxim-ic.com/design_guides/English/AD_CONVERTERS_21.pdf
Digital-to-Analog Converter
http://www.maxim-ic.com/ADCDACRef.cfm
Amplifiers
Signal Amplification
Distortion
Non-Linear Distortion
Symbols
Gains – Voltage, Power, Current
Decibels
Amplifier Power SuppliesEfficiency
Voltage_Gain Av vo
vi
Power_Gain Ap load_power PL input_power PI
vo io
vI iI
Current_Gain Ai io
iI
Ap Av Ai
Voltage_gain_in_decibels 20 log Av dB
Coltage_gain_in_decibels 20 log Ai dB
Power_gain_in_decibels 10 log Ap dB
Amplifiers
Example 1.1
PL 40.5 mW
PI Virms Iirms PI 0.05 mW
Ap
PL
PI Ap 810
W
W
Ap 10 log 810 Ap 29.085 dB
Pdc 10 9.5 10 9.5 Pdc 190 mW
Pdissipated Pdc PI PLPdissipated 149.55 mW
PL
Pdc100 21.316 %
Av9
1 Av 9 Ii 0.0001
Av 20 log 9 Av 19.085 dB
Io9
1000
Io 9 103 A Ai
Io
Ii Ai 90
A
A
Ai 20 log Ai Ai 39.085 dB Vorms9
2 Iorms
9
2
PL Vorms Iorms Virms1
2 Iirms
0.1
2
An amplifier transfer characteristic that is linear except for output saturation.
Amplifiers
Saturation
An amplifier transfer characteristic that shows considerable nonlinearity. (b) To obtain linear operation the amplifier is biased as shown, and the signal amplitude is kept small.
Amplifiers
Non-Linear Transfer Characteristics and Biasing
Amplifiers
Example 1.2
vI 0.6 0.61 0.69
vo vI 10 1011
e40 vI
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70
5
10
vo vI
vI
vI 0.673vI Find vI
vo 10 1011
e40 vI
givenvo 5
vI 0
Lplus 10Lplus vo 0( )
vo vI 10 1011
e40 vI
vI 0
vI 0.69vI Find vI
vo 10 1011
e40 vI
given
inital valuevI 0vo 0.3
Lminus 0.3
Amplifiers
Example 1.2
Amplifiers
Example 1.2
highlight equation use symbolicsthen differentiate10 10
11e
40 vI
12500000000
exp 40 vI
12500000000
exp 40 0.673( ) 196.457
Circuit Models For Amplifiers
Voltage Amplifiers
Common Models
Show example on board
Circuit Models For Amplifiers
Example 1.3
Class assignment
Circuit Models For Amplifiers
Other Amplifiers
Current
Transconductance
Transresistance
Circuit Models For Amplifiers
Example 1.4
Large-signal equivalent-circuit models of the npn BJT operating in the active mode.
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Bandwidth
Single-Time Constant Networks
http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/plots/FOC.html
http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/acWorkout/Switched_RCandRL.html
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Bandwidth
RC Circuits – Class Exercise
(a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the low-pass type.
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Bandwidth
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Bandwidth
(a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the high-pass type.
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Example 1.5
Class assignment
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Classification of Amplifiers Based on Frequency Response
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Exercise 1.6
Class assignment
The Digital Logic Inverter
Function
Transfer Characteristics
Noise Margins
The Digital Logic Inverter
Function
Transfer Characteristics
Noise Margins
The Digital Logic Inverter
Inverter Implementation