Chapter 1 - Introduction to Electronics

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Electronics

Introduction

Microelectronics

Integrated Circuits (IC) Technology

Silicon Chip

Microcomputer / Microprocessor

Discrete Circuits

Signals

Signal processing

http://www.eas.asu.edu/~midle/jdsp/jdsp.html

http://www.eas.asu.edu/~midle/jdsp/jdsp.html

Signals

Voltage Sources

Current Sources

Thevenin & Norton

http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/ClickDevice/refdir.htmlhttp://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/Circuit_Design_Lab/circuit_design_lab.htmlhttp://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/CircuitElements/vcvs.html

http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/Circuit_Design_Lab/circuit_design_lab.html

Signals

Voltage Sources

Current Sources

http://www.clarkson.edu/~svoboda/eta/ClickDevice/super.htmlhttp://javalab.uoregon.edu/dcaley/circuit/Circuit_plugin.html

Signals

Voltage Sources

Current Sources

http://www.clarkson.edu/~svoboda/eta/ClickDevice/super.html

Frequency Spectrum of Signals

Fourier Series

Fourier Transform

Fundamental and Harmonics

http://www.educatorscorner.com/experiments/spectral/SpecAn3.shtml

x

frequency

time

http://www.educatorscorner.com/experiments/spectral/SpecAn3.shtml

Defining the Signal or Function to be Analyzed:

f t( ) sin 0 t t( ) .2 cos 7 0 t

0 1 2 3 4 5 62

0

2

f t( )

t


Fourier Series

http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/fourier2/index.html



Fourier Series

Fourier Series (Trigonometric form) of f(t):

a01

T 0

T

tf t( )

d a0 0 average value

an

2

T0

T

tf t( ) cos n 0 t

d cosine coefficients

n varying from 1 to N

10 20 30 40 50 600

0.1

an

0

n


Fourier Series

bn

2

T0

T

tf t( ) sin n 0 t

d sine coefficients

10 20 30 40 50 600

0.5

1

bn

0

n


Fourier Series

Rearranging total expression to include a0 in the complete spectrum

a1n

an

b1n

bn

c1n

1

2a1

n 2 b1n 2 c

0a0

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

0.2

0.4

c1n

0

n


Fourier Series

Reconstruction of time-domain function from trig. Fourier series:

f2 t( )

n1

an1

cos n1 0 t bn1

sin n1 0 t a0

0 1 2 3 4 5 62

0

2

f2 t( )

f t( )

t


Fourier SeriesFourier Series (Complex Form) of f(t):

wn

1

2N

n

Cn

1

T 0

tf t( ) ei wn 0 t

d

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

0.02

0.04

Cn

0

n

Fourier Transform of f(t) gives:

1

2N

12

N .25

1

2N

F 0

tf t( ) ei t

d

30 20 10 0 10 20 300

0.1

0.2

0.3

F ( )

0

The magnitude of F( ) yields the continuous frequency spectrum, and it is obviously of the form of the sampling function. The value of F(0) is A . A plot of |F( )| as a function of does not indicate the magnitude of the voltage present at any given frequency. What is it, then? Examination of F shows that, if f(t) is a voltage waveform, then F is dimensionally "volts per unit frequency," a concept that may be strange to most of us.




http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/listen/music1.html

http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/phasorlecture2/indexphasorlect2.htm


http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/listen/music1.html

http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/phasorlecture2/indexphasorlect2.htm

Analog and Digital Signals

Sampling Rate http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/sampling/index.html

Binary number systemhttp://scholar.hw.ac.uk/site/computing/activity11.asp

Analog-to-Digital Converterhttp://www.astro-med.com/knowledge/adc.htmlhttp://www.maxim-ic.com/design_guides/English/AD_CONVERTERS_21.pdf

Digital-to-Analog Converter

http://www.maxim-ic.com/ADCDACRef.cfm

http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/sampling/index.html

Amplifiers

Signal Amplification

Distortion

Non-Linear Distortion

Symbols

Gains – Voltage, Power, Current

Decibels

Amplifier Power SuppliesEfficiency

Voltage_Gain Av vo

vi

Power_Gain Ap load_power PL input_power PI

vo io

vI iI

Current_Gain Ai io

iI

Ap Av Ai

Voltage_gain_in_decibels 20 log Av dB

Coltage_gain_in_decibels 20 log Ai dB

Power_gain_in_decibels 10 log Ap dB

Amplifiers

Example 1.1

PL 40.5 mW

PI Virms Iirms PI 0.05 mW

Ap

PL

PI Ap 810

W

W

Ap 10 log 810 Ap 29.085 dB

Pdc 10 9.5 10 9.5 Pdc 190 mW

Pdissipated Pdc PI PLPdissipated 149.55 mW

PL

Pdc100 21.316 %

Av9

1 Av 9 Ii 0.0001

Av 20 log 9 Av 19.085 dB

Io9

1000

Io 9 103 A Ai

Io

Ii Ai 90

A

A

Ai 20 log Ai Ai 39.085 dB Vorms9

2 Iorms

9

2

PL Vorms Iorms Virms1

2 Iirms

0.1

2

An amplifier transfer characteristic that is linear except for output saturation.

Amplifiers

Saturation

An amplifier transfer characteristic that shows considerable nonlinearity. (b) To obtain linear operation the amplifier is biased as shown, and the signal amplitude is kept small.

Amplifiers

Non-Linear Transfer Characteristics and Biasing

Amplifiers

Example 1.2

vI 0.6 0.61 0.69

vo vI 10 1011

e40 vI

0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70

5

10

vo vI

vI

vI 0.673vI Find vI

vo 10 1011

e40 vI

givenvo 5

vI 0

Lplus 10Lplus vo 0( )

vo vI 10 1011

e40 vI

vI 0

vI 0.69vI Find vI

vo 10 1011

e40 vI

given

inital valuevI 0vo 0.3

Lminus 0.3

Amplifiers

Example 1.2

Amplifiers

Example 1.2

highlight equation use symbolicsthen differentiate10 10

11e

40 vI

12500000000

exp 40 vI

12500000000

exp 40 0.673( ) 196.457

Circuit Models For Amplifiers

Voltage Amplifiers

Common Models

Show example on board


Example 1.3

Class assignment


Other Amplifiers

Current

Transconductance

Transresistance


Example 1.4

Large-signal equivalent-circuit models of the npn BJT operating in the active mode.

Frequency Response of Amplifiers

Bandwidth

Single-Time Constant Networks

http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/plots/FOC.html

http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/acWorkout/Switched_RCandRL.html


Bandwidth

RC Circuits – Class Exercise

(a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the low-pass type.


Bandwidth


Bandwidth

(a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the high-pass type.



Example 1.5

Class assignment


Classification of Amplifiers Based on Frequency Response


Exercise 1.6

Class assignment

The Digital Logic Inverter

Function

Transfer Characteristics

Noise Margins

The Digital Logic Inverter

Inverter Implementation

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Electronics

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 1 - Introduction to Electronics