Post on 13-Jan-2016
Ch 16 Sec1 – Dictators Threaten
World Peace
The US Response
Essential Questions:What types of governments came to power in Russia, Italy ,Germany and Japan after WWI?
What were the examples of Axis aggression in Europe and Asia?
What was the plight of Jews in Hitler’s Third Reich?
How did the United States respond to the outbreak of war in 1939?
What brought the United States into WWII?
Dictators Threaten World Peace The Treaty of Versailles caused anger and resentmentGermany was blamed for WWI, stripped of its’ colonies and forced to pay reparationsThe USSR resented the carving up of parts of Russia (Ex. Poland, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania
Stalin Transforms the USSRJoseph Stalin “Man of Steel” took over after
Lenin’s death in 1924He wanted to create a perfect Communist
stateHe pushed for industrial and agricultural
growthWith his 5 year plans the USSR became the
world’s second largest industrial powerStalin purged or killed 8-13 million people
who threatened his powerBy 1939 Stalin had established complete
control and created a totalitarian state
FascismExtreme NationalismFocus on or looking to the glory of the
past, big public rallies or eventsGlorification of war, strong armies, etc.Forceful or Charismatic leadersMilitaristic ExpansionismInterest of the state put ahead of the
individualGlorification of the leaderAnticommunist
Benito Mussolini Disgruntled Italian WWI Veteran,
Powerful SpeakerPlayed on fears of economic collapse
and communismOct. 1922 he marched on Rome with
his “black shirts”The Italian King gave in and Mussolini
was called “IL Duce” or the leaderHe crushed all opposition and made
Italy a totalitarian state
Adolf HitlerBorn in Austria in 1889 he took the name
of his stepfatherWent to Vienna to pursue an art careerServed in WWI, was wounded and gassedIn 1919 he joined the National Socialist
German Workers Party ( Nazis)Organized an unsuccessful “Putsch” in
1923While in prison wrote Mein Kampf or “My
Struggle”Called himself Der Fuhrer or “ the Leader”
Hitler IIHitler dreamed of uniting a German speaking
people into a German Empire or “Reich”He believed Aryans were the master raceHe wanted to enforce racial “purification” by
getting rid of Jews, Slavs, and non-whitesHe wanted lebensraum or living space for
GermansHitler played on German fears of massive
unemployment and communism, yet he blamed the Jews, and promised to return Germany to a position of power
Nazis in PowerMany German men who were out of
work joined Hitler’s private army, the Brown Shirts
By mid 1932, the Nazis had a majority in the Reichstag and in 1933 Hitler was appointed Chancellor
Hitler destroyed individual rights and free press
He promised to create a “Third Reich” which would last a thousand years
Rome and Berlin Form the Axis
In 1935 Mussolini invaded EthiopiaIn 1936 Germany and Italy formed the
Axis
Japanese MilitaristsIn the 1930’s Nationalist Militarist were
taking control of the Imperial Government of Japan led by Hideki Tojo
Japan Attacks ManchuriaJapan needed iron, coal, and petroleum to
support its emerging empireIn 1931 Japan attacked the Chinese
providence of Manchuria for its mineral resources
By 1937 Japan controlled all of China’s coastal areas
The Unites States was warned that the Open-Door Policy of trading with China would end
The US warned Japan and cut exports of steel and oil to Japan, while sending aid to China
The Spanish Civil WarA Prelude of War to Come
In 1936 a group of army officers led by Francisco Franco rebelled against the government
About 3,000 Americans went to fight against the Fascist, “The Abraham Lincoln Battalion”
Hitler and Mussolini aided Franco, after 500,000 lives were lost Franco became dictator in 1939
American IsolationismAmericans wanted to stay out of future
conflictsThe Nye Committee showed how many
profited due to WWI “Merchants of Death”
1935 Neutrality Acts outlawed arm sales or loans to nations at war
FDR found a way to send arms to China
In 1937 FDR urged a “Quarantine” of aggressor nations
Ch 16 Sec 2- The War in Europe
What were Hitler’s motives for expansion?
What were the Blitzkrieg tactics used against Poland and Western Europe?
What were the first battles of WWII?
Axis AggressionIn 1936 Hitler marched troops into the
Rhineland a demilitarized area of W. Germany
Early in 1938 Hitler annexed Austria( The Anschluss)
In 1938 Hitler demanded the Sudetenland, a section of Czechoslovakia inhabited by ethnic Germans
Axis Aggression IIGreat Britain and France appease Hitler1938 Munich Pact – Neville Chamberlain signed an agreement with Hitler giving up the Sudetenland1938 Hitler took all of Czechoslovakia1939 Hitler signs a Non Aggression Pact with Stalin and the USSR
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War in EuropeSept 1st, 1939 Germany invades Poland,
“Blitzkrieg” or lightening war is usedGreat Britain and France declare war The USSR was neutral, Stalin and Hitler
had already agreed to divide up PolandBritish and French troops waited along
the Maginot Line for an attack, the “Phony War” ensued
Stalin annexes the Baltic states and defeats Finland
Hitler Invades Western EuropeApril 1940, Hitler invades Demark and
NorwayMay 1940, Hitler invades Netherlands,
Belgium, and LuxembourgGerman tanks move through the Ardennes
Forrest bypassing the Maginot Line400,000 British troops escape at DunkirkJune 1940 France is attacked by the
Germans in the North and the Italians in the South, Paris Falls
French General Charles de Gaulle fled to England to govern in exile
The Battle of BritainDuring the summer of 1940 the
Luftwaffe began to bomb BritainIn order to launch Operation Sea
Lion Hitler had to destroy the RAF fighters and gain control of the air
With the help of radar the British fought back and bombed Germany
The British were motivated by their new Prime Minister Winston Churchill
The Tripartite PactIn Sept. 1940 The Three nations of
Germany, Italy and Japan signed a mutual defense treaty known as the Tripartite Pact
The Axis Powers were unitedThe goal was to keep the US out of war,
and if we declared war on any member of the pact the US would have a two- ocean war
Invasion of the USSRFrustrated that England will not fall, In
June 1941, Hitler launches Operation Babarrosa an all out attack on the USSR
German troops push deep into the interior of the USSR, Leningrad was under siege, Stalingrad was rubble, and German guns boomed only miles outside Moscow
Stalin took the brunt of the German offensive, millions of Soviets perished
Ch 16 Sec 3- The Holocaust
Why did the Nazis persecute the Jews?
What was the final solution?What were the profound and
lasting effects of the Holocaust and its survivors?
Jewish Persecution Begins In 1933 Hitler orders all Jews be removed
from government jobsIn 1935 The Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews
of their citizenship, jobs and property. Jews were forced to wear a yellow Star of David
In Nov. 1938 Kristallnacht or “Night of Broken Glass Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues were smashed or burned
100 Jews were killed, 30,000 were taken prisoner
The US accepted Jews of “Merit”, but not the SS Saint Louis
Liberation of the Concentration Camps
Both Red Army troops liberating extermination camps in Poland and US/British troops liberating camps in Germany were horrified at what they had found
Starving Inmates, Unburied bodies, and massive crematoriums
Ch. 16 Sec 4 – America Moves Toward War
What was the US response to the outbreak of WWII?
How did FDR help the Allies without declaring war ?
What events brought the US into conflict with Germany?
What was the US response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor?
Isolationism to InvolvementAmericans still want to stay out of the war
the Neutrality Acts of 1935,36, and 37 were still in force– 1935- No weapons to nations at war– 1936- Banned loans to such nations– 1937 -Trade Non-military goods “Cash and
Carry”1940 the conservative America First
Committee was formed to keep the US out, famous members included Henry Ford and Lindbergh
After Hitler attacked Poland, FDR looks to help
Debating the American RoleAfter the attack on Poland Congress
repealed the arms embargo and gave the British and the French the arms they needed transported on US ships (The Neutrality Acts were dead)
FDR Destroyer Deal with Winton Churchill
50 old US Ships in exchange for bases in the Western hemisphere
The Election of 1940 FDR Vs Wendell Willkie
FDR – “Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.” FDR wins!
“The Great Arsenal Of Democracy”In 1940 Congress passed the Selective
Training and Service Act, the nation’s first peacetime draft. (16 million between the ages of 21-35 were eligible, 1 million were drafted)
In March 1941 FDR and Congress passed The Lend-Lease Act to support Britain
In June 1941 after Hitler invaded the USSR Lend-lease aid was extended to Stalin as well
In Sept. 1941 the US Navy used the convoy system against German “Wolf-pack” attacks (U-boats) Undeclared Naval War existed
The Atlantic CharterBy August 1941 FDR was planning for warFDR and Churchill meet on the USS
Augusta and issue the Atlantic Charter a joint declaration of war aims: ( Signed by 26 nations)
Collective SecurityDisarmamentSelf-DeterminationEconomic CooperationFreedom of the SeasBasis of a “Declaration of the United
Nations” -FDR gives his 4 Freedoms Speech
Japanese Aggression As French, Dutch, and British colonies
lay unprotected Japanese leaders unite East Asia under Japanese control
In July 1941 Japanese forces take Indochina
US cuts trade with Japan including oil In Nov. 1941 Japan sent peace envoys
to Washington, while Tojo ordered the Japanese Navy to prepare for an attack
In Nov. FDR sent a war warning to bases in the Pacific
Attack on Pearl HarborThe attack was planed by Adm. YamamotoThe Japanese Fleet left Japan in Nov. 1941,
the US lost the location of the fleet somewhere in the Northern Pacific
The US broke the Japanese code instructing Japan to deny any peace proposals
Attack on Pearl Harbor IIOn Sunday December 7th, at 7:55 am
about 350 Japanese planes attacked The US Base at Pearl Harbor on Oahu
Three battleships were sunk, one was grounded and four were damaged
175 US airplanes were destroyed2,335 American soldiers and sailors
were killed, 1,178 woundedOn the same day Japan attacked the
Philippines, Guam, Hong Kong, and Singapore