Ch 16 Sec1 – Dictators Threaten

World Peace

The US Response

Essential Questions:What types of governments came to power in Russia, Italy ,Germany and Japan after WWI?

What were the examples of Axis aggression in Europe and Asia?

What was the plight of Jews in Hitler’s Third Reich?

How did the United States respond to the outbreak of war in 1939?

What brought the United States into WWII?

Dictators Threaten World Peace The Treaty of Versailles caused anger and resentmentGermany was blamed for WWI, stripped of its’ colonies and forced to pay reparationsThe USSR resented the carving up of parts of Russia (Ex. Poland, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania

Stalin Transforms the USSRJoseph Stalin “Man of Steel” took over after

Lenin’s death in 1924He wanted to create a perfect Communist

stateHe pushed for industrial and agricultural

growthWith his 5 year plans the USSR became the

world’s second largest industrial powerStalin purged or killed 8-13 million people

who threatened his powerBy 1939 Stalin had established complete

control and created a totalitarian state

FascismExtreme NationalismFocus on or looking to the glory of the

past, big public rallies or eventsGlorification of war, strong armies, etc.Forceful or Charismatic leadersMilitaristic ExpansionismInterest of the state put ahead of the

individualGlorification of the leaderAnticommunist

Benito Mussolini Disgruntled Italian WWI Veteran,

Powerful SpeakerPlayed on fears of economic collapse

and communismOct. 1922 he marched on Rome with

his “black shirts”The Italian King gave in and Mussolini

was called “IL Duce” or the leaderHe crushed all opposition and made

Italy a totalitarian state

Adolf HitlerBorn in Austria in 1889 he took the name

of his stepfatherWent to Vienna to pursue an art careerServed in WWI, was wounded and gassedIn 1919 he joined the National Socialist

German Workers Party ( Nazis)Organized an unsuccessful “Putsch” in

1923While in prison wrote Mein Kampf or “My

Struggle”Called himself Der Fuhrer or “ the Leader”

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Hitler IIHitler dreamed of uniting a German speaking

people into a German Empire or “Reich”He believed Aryans were the master raceHe wanted to enforce racial “purification” by

getting rid of Jews, Slavs, and non-whitesHe wanted lebensraum or living space for

GermansHitler played on German fears of massive

unemployment and communism, yet he blamed the Jews, and promised to return Germany to a position of power

Nazis in PowerMany German men who were out of

work joined Hitler’s private army, the Brown Shirts

By mid 1932, the Nazis had a majority in the Reichstag and in 1933 Hitler was appointed Chancellor

Hitler destroyed individual rights and free press

He promised to create a “Third Reich” which would last a thousand years

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Rome and Berlin Form the Axis

In 1935 Mussolini invaded EthiopiaIn 1936 Germany and Italy formed the

Axis

Japanese MilitaristsIn the 1930’s Nationalist Militarist were

taking control of the Imperial Government of Japan led by Hideki Tojo

Japan Attacks ManchuriaJapan needed iron, coal, and petroleum to

support its emerging empireIn 1931 Japan attacked the Chinese

providence of Manchuria for its mineral resources

By 1937 Japan controlled all of China’s coastal areas

The Unites States was warned that the Open-Door Policy of trading with China would end

The US warned Japan and cut exports of steel and oil to Japan, while sending aid to China

The Spanish Civil WarA Prelude of War to Come

In 1936 a group of army officers led by Francisco Franco rebelled against the government

About 3,000 Americans went to fight against the Fascist, “The Abraham Lincoln Battalion”

Hitler and Mussolini aided Franco, after 500,000 lives were lost Franco became dictator in 1939

American IsolationismAmericans wanted to stay out of future

conflictsThe Nye Committee showed how many

profited due to WWI “Merchants of Death”

1935 Neutrality Acts outlawed arm sales or loans to nations at war

FDR found a way to send arms to China

In 1937 FDR urged a “Quarantine” of aggressor nations

Ch 16 Sec 2- The War in Europe

What were Hitler’s motives for expansion?

What were the Blitzkrieg tactics used against Poland and Western Europe?

What were the first battles of WWII?

Axis AggressionIn 1936 Hitler marched troops into the

Rhineland a demilitarized area of W. Germany

Early in 1938 Hitler annexed Austria( The Anschluss)

In 1938 Hitler demanded the Sudetenland, a section of Czechoslovakia inhabited by ethnic Germans

Axis Aggression IIGreat Britain and France appease Hitler1938 Munich Pact – Neville Chamberlain signed an agreement with Hitler giving up the Sudetenland1938 Hitler took all of Czechoslovakia1939 Hitler signs a Non Aggression Pact with Stalin and the USSR

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War in EuropeSept 1st, 1939 Germany invades Poland,

“Blitzkrieg” or lightening war is usedGreat Britain and France declare war The USSR was neutral, Stalin and Hitler

had already agreed to divide up PolandBritish and French troops waited along

the Maginot Line for an attack, the “Phony War” ensued

Stalin annexes the Baltic states and defeats Finland

Hitler Invades Western EuropeApril 1940, Hitler invades Demark and

NorwayMay 1940, Hitler invades Netherlands,

Belgium, and LuxembourgGerman tanks move through the Ardennes

Forrest bypassing the Maginot Line400,000 British troops escape at DunkirkJune 1940 France is attacked by the

Germans in the North and the Italians in the South, Paris Falls

French General Charles de Gaulle fled to England to govern in exile

The Battle of BritainDuring the summer of 1940 the

Luftwaffe began to bomb BritainIn order to launch Operation Sea

Lion Hitler had to destroy the RAF fighters and gain control of the air

With the help of radar the British fought back and bombed Germany

The British were motivated by their new Prime Minister Winston Churchill

The Tripartite PactIn Sept. 1940 The Three nations of

Germany, Italy and Japan signed a mutual defense treaty known as the Tripartite Pact

The Axis Powers were unitedThe goal was to keep the US out of war,

and if we declared war on any member of the pact the US would have a two- ocean war

Invasion of the USSRFrustrated that England will not fall, In

June 1941, Hitler launches Operation Babarrosa an all out attack on the USSR

German troops push deep into the interior of the USSR, Leningrad was under siege, Stalingrad was rubble, and German guns boomed only miles outside Moscow

Stalin took the brunt of the German offensive, millions of Soviets perished

Ch 16 Sec 3- The Holocaust

Why did the Nazis persecute the Jews?

What was the final solution?What were the profound and

lasting effects of the Holocaust and its survivors?

Jewish Persecution Begins In 1933 Hitler orders all Jews be removed

from government jobsIn 1935 The Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews

of their citizenship, jobs and property. Jews were forced to wear a yellow Star of David

In Nov. 1938 Kristallnacht or “Night of Broken Glass Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues were smashed or burned

100 Jews were killed, 30,000 were taken prisoner

The US accepted Jews of “Merit”, but not the SS Saint Louis

Liberation of the Concentration Camps

Both Red Army troops liberating extermination camps in Poland and US/British troops liberating camps in Germany were horrified at what they had found

Starving Inmates, Unburied bodies, and massive crematoriums

Ch. 16 Sec 4 – America Moves Toward War

What was the US response to the outbreak of WWII?

How did FDR help the Allies without declaring war ?

What events brought the US into conflict with Germany?

What was the US response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor?

Isolationism to InvolvementAmericans still want to stay out of the war

the Neutrality Acts of 1935,36, and 37 were still in force– 1935- No weapons to nations at war– 1936- Banned loans to such nations– 1937 -Trade Non-military goods “Cash and

Carry”1940 the conservative America First

Committee was formed to keep the US out, famous members included Henry Ford and Lindbergh

After Hitler attacked Poland, FDR looks to help

Debating the American RoleAfter the attack on Poland Congress

repealed the arms embargo and gave the British and the French the arms they needed transported on US ships (The Neutrality Acts were dead)

FDR Destroyer Deal with Winton Churchill

50 old US Ships in exchange for bases in the Western hemisphere

The Election of 1940 FDR Vs Wendell Willkie

FDR – “Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.” FDR wins!

“The Great Arsenal Of Democracy”In 1940 Congress passed the Selective

Training and Service Act, the nation’s first peacetime draft. (16 million between the ages of 21-35 were eligible, 1 million were drafted)

In March 1941 FDR and Congress passed The Lend-Lease Act to support Britain

In June 1941 after Hitler invaded the USSR Lend-lease aid was extended to Stalin as well

In Sept. 1941 the US Navy used the convoy system against German “Wolf-pack” attacks (U-boats) Undeclared Naval War existed

The Atlantic CharterBy August 1941 FDR was planning for warFDR and Churchill meet on the USS

Augusta and issue the Atlantic Charter a joint declaration of war aims: ( Signed by 26 nations)

Collective SecurityDisarmamentSelf-DeterminationEconomic CooperationFreedom of the SeasBasis of a “Declaration of the United

Nations” -FDR gives his 4 Freedoms Speech

Japanese Aggression As French, Dutch, and British colonies

lay unprotected Japanese leaders unite East Asia under Japanese control

In July 1941 Japanese forces take Indochina

US cuts trade with Japan including oil In Nov. 1941 Japan sent peace envoys

to Washington, while Tojo ordered the Japanese Navy to prepare for an attack

In Nov. FDR sent a war warning to bases in the Pacific

Attack on Pearl HarborThe attack was planed by Adm. YamamotoThe Japanese Fleet left Japan in Nov. 1941,

the US lost the location of the fleet somewhere in the Northern Pacific

The US broke the Japanese code instructing Japan to deny any peace proposals

Attack on Pearl Harbor IIOn Sunday December 7th, at 7:55 am

about 350 Japanese planes attacked The US Base at Pearl Harbor on Oahu

Three battleships were sunk, one was grounded and four were damaged

175 US airplanes were destroyed2,335 American soldiers and sailors

were killed, 1,178 woundedOn the same day Japan attacked the

Philippines, Guam, Hong Kong, and Singapore