Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge ... (0460... · 10 UCLES 2018 0460/13/M/J/18 Section...

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This document consists of 25 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 Insert.

DC (KN/FC) 145571/5© UCLES 2018 [Turn over

Cambridge International ExaminationsCambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

GEOGRAPHY 0460/13Paper 1 May/June 2018 1 hour 45 minutesCandidates answer on the Question Paper.Additional Materials: Calculator Ruler

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided.Write in dark blue or black pen.You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Write your answer to each question in the space provided. If additional space is required, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question number(s) must be clearly shown.

Answer three questions, one from each section.

The Insert contains Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 for Question 2, Figs. 3.2 and 3.3 for Question 3, Figs. 4.1 and 4.2 for Question 4 and Figs. 5.1 and 5.2 for Question 5.The Insert is not required by the Examiner.Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

Definitions:MEDCs – More Economically Developed CountriesLEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries

The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

0460/13/M/J/18© UCLES 2018

Section A

Answer one question from this section.

1 (a) Study Figs. 1.1 and 1.2, which show information about population.

GNPper

person over-populationover-population

optimumpopulation

totalpopulation

under-populationunder-population

Fig. 1.1

amount

population

resources

over-populationunder-population

Fig. 1.2

0460/13/M/J/18© UCLES 2018 [Turn over

(i) Using Fig. 1.1 only, define optimum population.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Using Fig. 1.2 only, define:

under-population

...........................................................................................................................................

over-population

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Explain why some countries become over-populated.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iv) Describe four problems which are caused by over-population.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

4 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

0460/13/M/J/18© UCLES 2018

(b) Study Fig. 1.3, which shows different opinions about under-population in Canada.

More skilled immigrantsshould be able to get visas

to come to Canada tolive and work.

Most people live in the south ofCanada, much of the rest of the

country is not suitable forpeople to live and farm.

The government should giveincentives to Canadian people

to have lots of children,with more benefits for larger

families.Canada is not under-populated.Large parts are unspoilt with

beautiful areas of openspace and natural countryside.

We need to offer lower taxesto attract more people tolive in Canada and work

in the forests and mines in the north of the country.

Fig. 1.3

(i) Using Fig. 1.3 only, identify three possible methods which could be used in Canada to reduce the impacts of under-population.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Explain why countries with large areas of land may not be under-populated.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[5]

0460/13/M/J/18© UCLES 2018

(c) For a named country you have studied, describe the problems caused by a large percentage of dependent population.

Name of country ...............................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[7]

[Total: 25]

2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), which shows information about urbanisation.

(i) What is meant by urbanisation?

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 only:

– name the continent with the lowest percentage of people living in urban areas

.................................................................................................................................... – state the percentage of the population living in urban areas in most countries in

Australasia and North America

...................................... % [2]

(iii) Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the distribution of cities with over 10 million inhabitants in 2000.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iv) Explain why the population of many cities has grown rapidly since 2000.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

0460/13/M/J/18© UCLES 2018

(b) Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), which is a photograph of part of the urban area of Mumbai, India (an LEDC).

(i) Compare the location of the squatter settlements labelled X and Y.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Describe the problems faced by people living in squatter settlements, such as those shown in Fig. 2.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[5]

(c) For a named urban area you have studied, describe what has been done to reduce the negative impacts of urbanisation.

Name of urban area .......................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[7]

[Total: 25]

0460/13/M/J/18© UCLES 2018

Section B

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, which is a flow diagram showing information about water flows and stores in a drainage basin.

drainage basin input(precipitation)

drainage basin output

Keywater stores

processes / flows

(river discharge)

condensation

throughflow

evapotranspiration

VEGETATION

RIVER CHANNEL

SURFACE

deep percolation

overland flow(surface run-off)

Fig. 3.1

(i) What is a drainage basin?

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Name the processes/flows which take place at P and Q on Fig. 3.1.

P ..............................................................

Q .............................................................. [2]

(iii) Give different reasons to explain why the amount of overland flow varies in a drainage basin:

A from season to season

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

B from place to place

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

0460/13/M/J/18© UCLES 2018

(b) Study Figs. 3.2 and 3.3 (Insert), which are photographs showing two rivers in an upland area in the UK.

(i) Describe three differences between the river and valley in Fig. 3.2 compared with the river and valley in Fig. 3.3.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Suggest how rivers such as those shown in Figs. 3.2 and 3.3 transport their load.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[5]

(c) Explain how an oxbow lake is formed. Include a diagram or series of diagrams.

...................................................................................................................................................

[Total: 25]

0460/13/M/J/18© UCLES 2018

4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1 (Insert), which is a cross section of the atmosphere between the Equator and the Tropics.

(i) Which letter, X, Y or Z, shows the position of the hot deserts?

.......................... [1]

(ii) Describe how the following are different in equatorial and hot desert climates.

Rainfall ..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Temperature range ............................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Explain how latitude and atmospheric pressure influence the characteristics of equatorial and hot desert climates.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iv) Explain why wind direction and distance from the sea are important influences on hot desert climates.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(b) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), which is a photograph taken in an area of hot desert.

(i) Describe three characteristics of the vegetation shown in Fig. 4.2.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Explain how vegetation is able to survive in a hot desert environment.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[5]

0460/13/M/J/18© UCLES 2018

(c) For a named area of tropical rainforest you have studied, explain why deforestation has taken place.

Name of area ............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[7]

[Total: 25]

Section C

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), which shows agricultural land use in Iraq.

(i) Identify the agricultural land use in north east Iraq.

.......................................................... [1]

(ii) Using evidence from Fig. 5.1 only, give different reasons why cultivation can take place in areas A and B.

Area A ...............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Area B ...............................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Iraq has recently been at war. Explain why war may cause food shortages.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iv) Explain how other economic and political factors may cause food shortages in a country.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(b) Study Fig. 5.2 (Insert), which is a photograph showing an area used for agriculture in Indonesia (an LEDC in South east Asia).

(i) Describe the agricultural land use in Fig. 5.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Describe methods which could be used to increase the output of the land shown in Fig. 5.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[5]

(c) Describe and explain the land use of a farm or agricultural system in a named area you have studied.

Type of farm or agricultural system ..........................................................................................

Name of area ............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[7]

[Total: 25]

6 (a) Study Fig. 6.1, which is information about melting ice.

When Glacier National Park in the USA was established in 1910, there were 150 glaciers (a glacier is a slow moving mass or river of ice). Since then the number has decreased to fewer than 30, and most of those remaining have shrunk in area by two-thirds.

Most scientists believe that human activity, in particular the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the atmosphere to become warmer and caused ice to melt. The ice on Mt Kilimanjaro has reduced by more than 80% since 1912. Glaciers in parts of the Himalayas are retreating so fast that researchers believe that most central and eastern Himalayan glaciers could virtually disappear by 2035. Arctic sea ice has thinned and its area has reduced by about 10% in the past 30 years.

When temperatures rise and ice melts, more water flows to the seas from glaciers and ice caps. Rising temperatures also cause ocean water to warm and expand in volume. This has increased average global sea level by between 10 and 20 centimetres in the past hundred years.

Fig. 6.1

(i) Name an example of a fossil fuel.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Identify from Fig. 6.1 two pieces of evidence that ice is melting.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Explain why the burning of fossil fuels may have been a cause of ice melting as described in Fig. 6.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iv) Explain how the melting of ice may cause problems for people and the natural environment.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(b) Study Fig. 6.2, which shows information about average rainfall in the Sahel between 1900 and 2011. The Sahel is an area in Africa.

1900 10 20 30 40 1950year

60 70 80 90 2000 2010

precipitation

belowaverage

aboveaverage

Fig. 6.2

(i) Using evidence from Fig. 6.2 only, describe the changes in average precipitation between 1900 and 2011.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) When rainfall is low desertification may occur. Explain how economic activities in regions such as the Sahel have resulted in an increased risk of desertification.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[5]

(c) For an economic activity in a named area you have studied, describe how the environmental risks are being managed.

Name of area ...........................................

Economic activity ...........................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[7]

[Total: 25]

Additional Pages

If you use the following lined page to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s) must be clearly shown.

..................................................................................................................................................................

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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

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Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge ... (0460... · 10 UCLES 2018 0460/13/M/J/18 Section...

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