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Produce
1.59E-3
MLF
2.10E-2
BV
TR 1.00E - 63.49E - 2 pCiPRG = apple g 3.74E - 11 riskSF × IF 766, 990 g × CF 1
apple - adj applef - Cs - 137 pCi
where :
350 days 82.9 gEF × ED 6 years × IRapple - c apple - c apple - cyear day
IF 766, 990 g = apple - adj
TR 1.00E - 64.16E - 2 pCiPRG =
+
350 days 84.7 gEF × ED 20 years × IRapple - a apple - a apple
corn g 3.74E - 11 ri
- ayear day
skSF × IF 6corn - adjf - Cs - 137 pCi
42,670 g × CF 1corn
where :
350 days 32.7 gEF × ED 6 years × IR +corn - c corn - c corn - cyear day
IF 642,670 g = corn - adj
350 days 82.0 gEF × ED 20 years × IRcorn - a corn - a corn - ayear day
TR 1.00E - 69.86E - 2 pCiPRG = lettuce g 3.74E - 11 riskSF × IF 271,320 g × CF 1
lettuce - adj lettucef - Cs - 137 pCi
where :
350 daysEF × EDlettuce - c lettuyear
IF 271,320 g = lettuce - adj
4.2 g6 years × IR +ce - c lettuce - c day
350 days 37.5 gEF × ED 20 years × IRlettuce - a lettuce - a lettuce - ayear day
=
=
=
Biota Modeling in EPA’s PRG and DCC Calculators for Use in EPA Superfund Risk Assessment: Explanation of Intake Rate Derivation, Transfer Factor Compilation, and Mass Loading Factor Sources
K. Manning1, F. Dolislager1, K. Bolus2, L. Galloway1, M. Bellamy2, S. Walker3
1The Institute for Environmental Modeling, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN; 2Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN; 3Office of Superfund Remediation & Technology Innovation Science Policy Branch, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
ABSTRACTThe Preliminary Remediation Goal (PRG) and Dose Compliance Concentration (DCC) calculators are screening level tools that set forth the
Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) recommended approaches, based upon currently available information with respect to risk assessment,
for response actions at Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) sites, commonly known as Superfund.
These calculators are maintained by the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under an Interagency Agreement
(IAG) with the EPA. The screening levels derived by the PRG and DCC calculators are used to identify isotopes contributing the highest risk and
dose as well as establish preliminary remediation goals. Each calculator has residential gardening and subsistence farmer exposure scenarios that
require modeling of the transfer of contaminants from soil and water into various types of biota (crops and animal products). New publications
of human intake rates of biota; farm animal intakes of water, soil, and fodder; and soil to plant interactions require updates be implemented into
the PRG and DCC calculators. Recent improvements have been made in the biota modeling for these calculators, including newly derived biota
intake rates, more comprehensive soil mass loading factors (MLFs), and more comprehensive soil to tissue transfer factors (TFs) for animals and
soil to plant transfer factors (BVs). New biota have been added in both the produce and animal products categories that greatly improve the
accuracy and utility of the PRG and DCC calculators and encompass greater geographic diversity on a national and international scale.
WHAT'S OLD?1. A generic element-specific BV was applied to overall produce.
2. A single MLF was applied to overall produce.
3. Overall produce intake rates were based on a single generic fruit and a single generic vegetable.
4. Animal products included beef, beef dairy, poultry (chicken), eggs (chicken), swine, and fish.
5. Intake weights were based on raw weight. Cooking and preparation loss was not taken into account.
6. The contaminated fraction (CF) of resident produce ingestion was 0.25, or 25% of overall produce.
HOW IS THE TOTAL PRODUCE PRG BACK-CALCULATED TO SOIL?
WHAT’S NEW?1. BVs are element-specific, biota-specific, climate zone-specific, and soil type-specific, where applicable.
2. Soil mass loading factors (MLFs) are now produce-specific.
3. The new default produce intake rates are based on 22 individual produce items (apples, etc.) that
contribute to overall produce ingestion output. In site-specific mode, the user can select up to 24
individual produce to include in the output.
4. In addition to the animal products already offered, in site-specific mode, users can now include goat ,
sheep, goat milk, and sheep milk in the output for animal products. In the poultry section of site
specific mode, users are now able to choose poultry type including chicken, duck, turkey, and goose.
5. The user now has the option, in site-specific mode, to select either raw weight or weight after
cooking/preparation loss for all produce and animal products.
6. The default produce CF of resident produce ingestion is 1, or 100%. This can be changed in site-specific
mode .
PRG CALCULATOR OUTPUT
These improvements greatly expand the use and applicability of the PRG and DCC in the field of risk
assessment with respect to CERCLA sites as well as many other sites for private and governmental
organizations. The newly derived biota intake rates, MLFs, and TFs encompass greater geographic diversity
nationally and internationally. The DCC is still under construction.
Notes: The clipart is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain
Dedication. The silos were taken from http://www.3dcadbrowser.com/ .
soil-produce-tot
7.76E - 01 pCi =
g
1
1 1 1+ +
1.78E + 00 pCiPRG
gsoil - lettuc
1.67E + 00 pCiPR
7.78E +G
gsoil -
00 pCiPRG
gsoil - appl ce orn e
Cs-137PRG
3.49E - 2 pCi 1PRG t 26 years × λ
apple g year7.78E +
4.16E - 2 pCiPRG
corn g1.67E + 00 pCiPRG =
s
00 pCiPRG = ×
soil - apple g -λtBv MLF 1 - ewet ap
oil - corn g
ple5.80E - 3 + 1.60E - 4
9.86E - 2 pCi 1PRG t 26 years × λ
lettuce g year1.78E
1t 26 years × λ
year ×
-λtBv + MLF 1 - ewet co
+ 00 pCiPRG = ×
soil - lettuce g Bv + MLFwet let
r
tuce
n3.30E - 2 1
6.00E - 2 1.35E - 2
.45E - 4
-λt1 - e
Figure 1: This is a conceptual site model illustrating the subsistence
farmer land use scenario. The scene depicts apples, corn, and lettuce
growing on-site as well as common farm animals. The default farmer and
resident scenarios assume that 100% of produce and/or animal products
consumed are cultivated on-site and, therefore, 100% of food consumed
is contaminated. It is for this reason that the PRG and DCC calculators
conservatively assume a contaminated fraction (CF) of 1 for all biota
intake rates.
Figure 2: Individual produce has a produce-specific MLF and an element-specific,
produce-specific, climate zone-specific, and soil type-specific soil to plant transfer
factor (BV).
Figure 3: Direct ingestion of individual produce PRGs.
For more information, please visit https://epa-
prgs.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/radionuclides/rprg_search.
Selected Isotope:
Cs-137
Selected Climate:
Temperate
Selected Soil Type:
Default (All Soil)
PRG CALCULATOR INPUTS
Figure 5: Total produce PRG back-calculated to soil.Figure 4: Individual produce PRGs back-calculated to soil using soil to plant
transfer factor and soil mass loading factor.
Figure 6: PRGs for direct
ingestion of individual
produce are shown in
the output.
Figure 7: Individual produce PRGs back-calculated to soil are shown in
the output.
Figure 8: Total produce PRG back-calculated to soil are shown in the output of
the PRG calculator.
CONCLUSION
3.30E-02
9.86E-02
5.80E-03
7.76E-01
3.49E-02
7.78E+00
4.16E-02
1.67E+006.00E-02 1.78E+00