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Produce

1.59E-3

MLF

2.10E-2

BV

TR 1.00E - 63.49E - 2 pCiPRG = apple g 3.74E - 11 riskSF × IF 766, 990 g × CF 1

apple - adj applef - Cs - 137 pCi

where :

350 days 82.9 gEF × ED 6 years × IRapple - c apple - c apple - cyear day

IF 766, 990 g = apple - adj

TR 1.00E - 64.16E - 2 pCiPRG =

+

350 days 84.7 gEF × ED 20 years × IRapple - a apple - a apple

corn g 3.74E - 11 ri

- ayear day

skSF × IF 6corn - adjf - Cs - 137 pCi

42,670 g × CF 1corn

where :

350 days 32.7 gEF × ED 6 years × IR +corn - c corn - c corn - cyear day

IF 642,670 g = corn - adj

350 days 82.0 gEF × ED 20 years × IRcorn - a corn - a corn - ayear day

TR 1.00E - 69.86E - 2 pCiPRG = lettuce g 3.74E - 11 riskSF × IF 271,320 g × CF 1

lettuce - adj lettucef - Cs - 137 pCi

where :

350 daysEF × EDlettuce - c lettuyear

IF 271,320 g = lettuce - adj

4.2 g6 years × IR +ce - c lettuce - c day

350 days 37.5 gEF × ED 20 years × IRlettuce - a lettuce - a lettuce - ayear day

=

=

=

Biota Modeling in EPA’s PRG and DCC Calculators for Use in EPA Superfund Risk Assessment: Explanation of Intake Rate Derivation, Transfer Factor Compilation, and Mass Loading Factor Sources

K. Manning1, F. Dolislager1, K. Bolus2, L. Galloway1, M. Bellamy2, S. Walker3

1The Institute for Environmental Modeling, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN; 2Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN; 3Office of Superfund Remediation & Technology Innovation Science Policy Branch, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC

ABSTRACTThe Preliminary Remediation Goal (PRG) and Dose Compliance Concentration (DCC) calculators are screening level tools that set forth the

Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) recommended approaches, based upon currently available information with respect to risk assessment,

for response actions at Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) sites, commonly known as Superfund.

These calculators are maintained by the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under an Interagency Agreement

(IAG) with the EPA. The screening levels derived by the PRG and DCC calculators are used to identify isotopes contributing the highest risk and

dose as well as establish preliminary remediation goals. Each calculator has residential gardening and subsistence farmer exposure scenarios that

require modeling of the transfer of contaminants from soil and water into various types of biota (crops and animal products). New publications

of human intake rates of biota; farm animal intakes of water, soil, and fodder; and soil to plant interactions require updates be implemented into

the PRG and DCC calculators. Recent improvements have been made in the biota modeling for these calculators, including newly derived biota

intake rates, more comprehensive soil mass loading factors (MLFs), and more comprehensive soil to tissue transfer factors (TFs) for animals and

soil to plant transfer factors (BVs). New biota have been added in both the produce and animal products categories that greatly improve the

accuracy and utility of the PRG and DCC calculators and encompass greater geographic diversity on a national and international scale.

WHAT'S OLD?1. A generic element-specific BV was applied to overall produce.

2. A single MLF was applied to overall produce.

3. Overall produce intake rates were based on a single generic fruit and a single generic vegetable.

4. Animal products included beef, beef dairy, poultry (chicken), eggs (chicken), swine, and fish.

5. Intake weights were based on raw weight. Cooking and preparation loss was not taken into account.

6. The contaminated fraction (CF) of resident produce ingestion was 0.25, or 25% of overall produce.

HOW IS THE TOTAL PRODUCE PRG BACK-CALCULATED TO SOIL?

WHAT’S NEW?1. BVs are element-specific, biota-specific, climate zone-specific, and soil type-specific, where applicable.

2. Soil mass loading factors (MLFs) are now produce-specific.

3. The new default produce intake rates are based on 22 individual produce items (apples, etc.) that

contribute to overall produce ingestion output. In site-specific mode, the user can select up to 24

individual produce to include in the output.

4. In addition to the animal products already offered, in site-specific mode, users can now include goat ,

sheep, goat milk, and sheep milk in the output for animal products. In the poultry section of site

specific mode, users are now able to choose poultry type including chicken, duck, turkey, and goose.

5. The user now has the option, in site-specific mode, to select either raw weight or weight after

cooking/preparation loss for all produce and animal products.

6. The default produce CF of resident produce ingestion is 1, or 100%. This can be changed in site-specific

mode .

PRG CALCULATOR OUTPUT

These improvements greatly expand the use and applicability of the PRG and DCC in the field of risk

assessment with respect to CERCLA sites as well as many other sites for private and governmental

organizations. The newly derived biota intake rates, MLFs, and TFs encompass greater geographic diversity

nationally and internationally. The DCC is still under construction.

Notes: The clipart is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain

Dedication. The silos were taken from http://www.3dcadbrowser.com/ .

soil-produce-tot

7.76E - 01 pCi =

g

1

1 1 1+ +

1.78E + 00 pCiPRG

gsoil - lettuc

1.67E + 00 pCiPR

7.78E +G

gsoil -

00 pCiPRG

gsoil - appl ce orn e

Cs-137PRG

3.49E - 2 pCi 1PRG t 26 years × λ

apple g year7.78E +

4.16E - 2 pCiPRG

corn g1.67E + 00 pCiPRG =

s

00 pCiPRG = ×

soil - apple g -λtBv MLF 1 - ewet ap

oil - corn g

ple5.80E - 3 + 1.60E - 4

9.86E - 2 pCi 1PRG t 26 years × λ

lettuce g year1.78E

1t 26 years × λ

year ×

-λtBv + MLF 1 - ewet co

+ 00 pCiPRG = ×

soil - lettuce g Bv + MLFwet let

r

tuce

n3.30E - 2 1

6.00E - 2 1.35E - 2

.45E - 4

-λt1 - e

Figure 1: This is a conceptual site model illustrating the subsistence

farmer land use scenario. The scene depicts apples, corn, and lettuce

growing on-site as well as common farm animals. The default farmer and

resident scenarios assume that 100% of produce and/or animal products

consumed are cultivated on-site and, therefore, 100% of food consumed

is contaminated. It is for this reason that the PRG and DCC calculators

conservatively assume a contaminated fraction (CF) of 1 for all biota

intake rates.

Figure 2: Individual produce has a produce-specific MLF and an element-specific,

produce-specific, climate zone-specific, and soil type-specific soil to plant transfer

factor (BV).

Figure 3: Direct ingestion of individual produce PRGs.

For more information, please visit https://epa-

prgs.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/radionuclides/rprg_search.

Selected Isotope:

Cs-137

Selected Climate:

Temperate

Selected Soil Type:

Default (All Soil)

PRG CALCULATOR INPUTS

Figure 5: Total produce PRG back-calculated to soil.Figure 4: Individual produce PRGs back-calculated to soil using soil to plant

transfer factor and soil mass loading factor.

Figure 6: PRGs for direct

ingestion of individual

produce are shown in

the output.

Figure 7: Individual produce PRGs back-calculated to soil are shown in

the output.

Figure 8: Total produce PRG back-calculated to soil are shown in the output of

the PRG calculator.

CONCLUSION

3.30E-02

9.86E-02

5.80E-03

7.76E-01

3.49E-02

7.78E+00

4.16E-02

1.67E+006.00E-02 1.78E+00