Biological Macromolecul

es

They’re Organic!!!

What’s an organic molecule?? Compounds made up of hydrocarbons

Carbon and Hydrogen atoms!! Living/once living (YOU are Organic!)

(Not CO2. It’s a gas!!!!!)

There are four classes of biological macromolecules we

will be looking at: Proteins

LipidsCarbohydrates

Nucleic acids (This will be last)

First – Let’s Concentrate on these three!

A very, very large molecule!!

BiologicalMacromolecule

All biological macro-molecule are organic, meaning they all

contain hydrocarbons…Carbon atoms (with attached

Hydrogens!) Other elements may include Oxygen, Nitrogen,

Phosphorus and Sulfur

Macromolecules We’re

looking at

“Mono” means one

SO… a polymer is made up of many

monomers!!

Polymer Polymer AnalogiesAnalogies

EXAMPLE of POLYMER

MONOMER

Ladder ?

String of Pearls Necklace ?

AnswersAnswers

EXAMPLE of POLYMER

MONOMER

Ladder Each Rung

Necklace Each Pearl

Can you think of a polymer??

What monomers make it up??

ALL four can be found in food!!

Think about it!!

Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4

macromolecules are labeled!!

1____________________

2____________________

3____________________

(0 grams in this product)

(13 grams in this product)

(9 grams in this product)

On to Our First Biomolecule!!

Carbohydrates!!

Carbohydrates

C, H, O

SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATESThey are the main source of energy for the body !

Simple sugars Monosaccharide

Glucose, for example (Yes it IS a monomer!!), is the main product of photosynthesis!!

C6H12O6 Atoms: C, H, O

COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES

Long-term storage for energyPolysaccharides made up of glucose

polymersBelow is a part of the polymer starch!!

Starch Continued

Found in: Grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley) Tubers such as potatoes are rich in starch.

Cellulose** ALSO a glucose

polymer**Offers the plant

support

** Energy storage

** Makes up cell wall

** Food source for seeds and plant

bulbs

Glycogen in Animals

**A branched polymer made up

of numerous glucose

monomers

**Long-term energy storage

found in the liver

** Quickly broken down into

glucose for immediate

energy

Complex Carbs and Energy

Starches, Cellulose and Glycogen are broken down by proteins called enzymes (remember digestion in lysosomes!!??.....similar concept!)

Broken down into their monomers Glucose

Glucose is further broken down during cellular respiration in the mitochondria for energy About 36 ATP molecules of energy per each

glucose molecule!!!

Lipids

Mostly C,H and some O

STORED ENERGY Broken down for energy

They INSULATE the body to help maintain normal body temperature and they

CUSHION the internal organs for protection.

Include waxes, Oils

include steroids such as cholesterol and the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone

Anabolic steroids build muscle

They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes!

THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steroids, energy, cushion…

Remember the cell membrane? PhosphoLIPID bilayer of the cell membrane? The fatty acid tails are lipids!

It’s semi-permeable, allowing only certain molecules to diffuse across the membrane to enter or exit the cell.

LIPIDS

Fat Made up of fatty acid monomers – Glycerides that have a Glycerol Backbone

(Circled) and a Fatty Acid Tail(s)

Mostly C, H with some O

TriglyceridesGlycerol Group with 3 Fatty Acid

Chains

This is a triglyceride molecule

NOW ONTO PROTEINS

They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them

They make up antibodies in the immune system

They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions

They makeup non-steriod hormones which

THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

ProteinsMade up of Mostly C, H, O

and N (Some Sulfur)

Proteins

Proteins

Aside from the protein Aside from the protein found in animal sources…found in animal sources…protein can also be found in protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino acids)(it just does not have as many amino acids)

Hair, Skin, and Nails

Microscope View ofSkin and Nails

This is skin This is a nail

Made up of Amino Acid Monomers!!!

**Remember protein synthesis???? Transcription and translation?

**A peptide bond bonds amino acids together

**Creates a polypeptide

The shapes of Proteins Determines it’s Function

Amino Acids !!!

Ribosomes are Proteins that are Involved in Creating Proteins!!

Insulin Chemical signaler protein produced in the pancreas Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take

up glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored in the liver and muscles Diabetes is a condition when a person has high blood glucose

(blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both.

Hemoglobin A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

**Antibodies are part of the immune system. **When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to be there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader and stick themselves onto it. **White Blood cells destroy the invaders (hopefully)

Enzymes Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction (a catalyst) by

lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction (Below) Re-usable Molecule specific – like a lock and key -Example: ONLY Lactase will break down lactose. It

will NEVER break down proteins

Enzymes Lock and Key Model

Substrate

Products

Enzymes Folded specific to its function…like a lock and key model!

Lactase breaks down

lactose sugar

Pepsin breaks down

proteins

Amylase breaks down amylose

Active Site

Specific Enzyme

Starch

***** Remember That Enzymes are substrate-specific !!!!!

Simple useable sugars (product)

Protein

Lipid

Which substrate can be reduced by the enzyme??

Enzymes are affected by:

Rat

e o

f R

eact

ion

pH Affects Enzyme Reactivity

1 3 42 5 6 7 8 9pH scale

This enzyme functions in an environment that has a pH of about 4, which is acidic

The 4th type isNUCLEIC ACIDS

The types of Nucleic AcidsDNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)

RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

**Monomers are called Nucleotides

“DNA” is short for Deoxyribonucleic Acid **Your genetic makeup!!

“DNA” is short for Ribonucleic Acid **Works with DNA to create proteins

RNA DNA Single-

Stranded Nitrogen

bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U)

Remember NO Thymine (T)

Ribose sugar

Double-Stranded double helix

Nitrogen bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)

Remember NO Uracil (U)

Deoxy-ribose sugar

Remember How DNA and RNA Molecules are Involved in Protein Synthesis?? Transcription and Translation?

*DNA

*mRNA

*At ribosome

*tRNA Brings in Amino Acids

*Amino Acids form the protein (a polypeptide)