Post on 19-Oct-2020
BioEd Online
Biological Classification
By Deanne Erdmann, M.S.
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Why Do We Classify Organisms?
Biologists group organisms to represent similarities and proposed relationships.
Classification systems change with expanding knowledge about new and well-known organisms.
Tacitus bellus
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Hierarchical Classification
Taxonomic categories
Kingdom King
Phylum Philip
Class Came
Order Over
Family For
Genus Green
Species Soup
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Classification of Humans
Domain: Eukaryotes
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordates (Have a Notochord)
Sub-Phylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Great Apes
Genus species: Homo sapiens
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Kingdoms and Domains
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
The three-domain system
The six-kingdom system
The traditional five-kingdom system
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Carolus von Linnaeus(1707-1778)
Swedish scientist who laid foundation for modern taxonomy
Binomial Nomenclature
Carolus von Linnaeus
Two-word naming system
Genus Noun, Capitalized,
Underlined or Italicized
Species Descriptive, Lower Case,
Underlined or Italicized
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Animal Classification
Label
Drawing(with notes)
Classification Characteristics
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Example
Jointed legs
Hard covering
Arthropod
1. Animal has no backbone2. Distinct body symmetry3. Exhibits bilateral symmetry6. Body has segmentation, etc…..
17 in all!
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Cladistics or Phylogenetic Systematics
Groups organisms based on the ancestors they have in common.
Clade = anatomically similar group
Ex: Cow vs. Sea Star
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Other Organisms Similar to Cows
All Animals that Produce EggsSea star
CowEmus
SalamanderBlue Whale
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Four Opposite AppendagesSalamander
CowEmusWhale
Produce Eggs – Sea star
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Four Chambered HeartEmusCow
Whale
Four Opposite Appendages - Salamander
Produce Eggs – Sea star
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Placental MammalCow
Whale
Four Chambered Heart - Emus
Four Opposite Appendages - Salamander
Produce Eggs – Sea star
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Appendages are FlippersBlue Whale
Placental Mammal - Cow
Four Chambered Heart - Emus
Four Opposite Appendages - Salamander
Produce Eggs – Sea star
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EmuSalamanderSea Star Cow Whale
Produce Eggs
Four Opposite Appendages
Four Chambered Heart
Placental Mammal
Appendages are flippers
TIME(present)
(past)
A Cladogram
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Traits Kangaroo Lamprey Rhesus Monkey
Bullfrog Human Snapping Turtle
Tuna
Chordate X X X X X X X
Vertebral Column
X X X X X X
Paired Legs
X X X X X
Four-chamberedheart
X X X X
MammaryGlands
X X X
PlacentalMammal
X X
Short Canine Teeth
X
Total # traits
5 1 6 3 7 4 2
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Create a Venn Diagram.
Draw a Cladogram.
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Unrooted
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Rooted