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Biofortification Priority Index:A Global Strategy Tool for Investing
in Crop Biofortification
Dorene Asare-MarfoHarvestPlus, IFPRI
Presentation at the 5th Annual LCIRAH ConferenceLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM)
June 3, 2015
Global Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies
This map details worldwide severity of the most common micronutrient deficiencies—vitamin A, iron, and zinc—using World Health Organization (WHO) children under 5 prevalence data. Severity was coded using a 3-point weighting system based on levels of public health significance cut-offs (low, moderate, and high).
Hidden Hunger ‘Victims’
Poor quality diets
– high intake of staple foods
(e.g. rice, maize, cassava)
– low intake of micronutrient-rich foods
(e.g. fruits and vegetables)
Lack resources to grow or purchase micronutrient-rich foods
Ideally, we want to improve MD (hidden hunger) by making micronutrient-rich foods more accessible and affordable to the poor ...
Process of breeding staple crops that are naturally
enriched with micronutrients
Biofortification is not a ‘silver bullet’
... A complimentary tool in the
nutrition interventions toolkit
H+ Target Crops (current)
8 countries
WHERE ARE THE BEST
PLACES TO INVEST IN
BIOFORTIFIED NUTRITIOUS
CROPS???
Biofortification Priority Index (BPI)
A tool to help stakeholders assess where, and in
which biofortified crops to invest
Crop specific (7 distinct crop BPIs)
Vitamin A Crops: Cassava, Maize, Sweet Potato
Iron Crops: Beans, Pearl Millet
Zinc Crops: Rice, Wheat
Ranks countries globally
127 countries across 3 regions (Africa, Asia, LAC)
Priority conditions
1. Produce the crop
2. Consume much of the crop on a per capita basis
3. Have a high level of micronutrient deficiency
Production Index (PI)
Consumption Index (CI)
Micronutrient Deficiency
Index (MDI)
Biofortification Priority
Index (BPI)
Production Sub Index (PI)
Measures the intensity of crop production
Variables:
Per capita area harvested (sqm per capita)
Share of cultivated land area allocated to crop (%)
Export share (%)
Production Index =[1 – export share] x
[(0.5 x per capita area harvested ) +(0.5 x % land area allocated to crop )]
Consumption Sub Index (CI)
Measures the magnitude of per-capita consumption of crop which is supplied by domestic production
Variables:
Consumption per capita (kg/cap/year)
Import share (%)
Consumption Index =Consumption per capita x (1-Import Share*)
*Import share = Imports/(Production + Imports - Exports)
Vitamin A MDI
Measures the extent of Vitamin A deficiency
Variables:
Proportion of preschool-age children with serum retinol less than 0.7μmol/l
Age-standardized DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants by VAD
Vitamin A Deficiency Index =(0.5 x Prop children with retinol < 0.70 umol/l)
+ (0.5 x Age-standardized DALYs )
Iron MDI
Measures the extent of Iron deficiency
Variables:
Proportion of preschool-age children with Hb < 110 g/dl
Age-standardized DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants by IDA
Iron Deficiency Index =(0.5 x Prop children with Hb < 110 g/l)
+(0.5 x Age-standardized DALYs)
Measures the extent of Zinc deficiency
Variables:
Percentage of population at risk of inadequate zinc intake
Prevalence of stunting among children 6-59 months (%)
Zinc Deficiency Index =(0.5 x % population at risk of inadequate zinc intake)
+(0.5 x Prevalence of stunting)
Zinc MDI
Biofortification Prioritization Index (BPI)
𝐁𝐏𝐈 Score = 𝐏𝐈 × 𝐂𝐈 × 𝐌𝐃𝐈
Data Sources
Sub-index Variable Data source
Production
Share of area harvested (%) FAO 2010
Per-capita area harvested (sq meter) FAO 2010
Export share (%) FAO 2010
ConsumptionPer-capita food consumption FAO 2010
Import Share (%) FAO 2010
Micronutrient Deficiency
SerumRetinol < 0.7umol/l WHO 2009
DALYs VAD WHO 2002
Inadequate Zinc ZiNCG 2004
Hb<110g/l WHO 2008/DHS
DALYs IDA WHO 2002
Stunting Zinc WHO 2006 - 2010
BPI CROP SCORE
100 0High priority Low priority
BPI CROP PRIORITY GROUP (QUINTILES)
Top High Medium Low Little/No
BPI CROP RANK
1st nthHigh priority Low priority
Results – Global Rankings (Top 10)
GlobalRank
Vitamin A crops Iron crops Zinc crops
MaizeSweet Potato
Cassava BeansPearl millet
Rice Wheat
1 Malawi Angola Mozambique Rwanda Niger Cambodia Tajikistan
2 Benin Burundi Angola Benin Gambia Bangladesh Turkmenistan
3 Zambia Uganda Ghana TanzaniaBurkina
FasoLaos Azerbaijan
4 Kenya Mozambique Liberia Burundi Chad Myanmar Afghanistan
5 Mozambique Rwanda Benin Myanmar Senegal Viet Nam Pakistan
6 Angola Tanzania CAR Togo Mali Indonesia Kazakhstan
7 Burkina Faso Sierra Leone DRC Haiti Nigeria Sierra Leone Uzbekistan
8 Zimbabwe Madagascar Sierra Leone Uganda Namibia Madagascar Turkey
9 Timor-Leste Guinea Côte d'Ivoire AngolaGuinea-Bissau
Sri Lanka India
10 Mali Haiti Zambia Kenya Uganda Philippines Iraq
BPI Interactive Tool
• Recently launched (January 2015)
• bit.ly/HPlusBPI
WEIGHTED BPI
𝑩𝑷𝑰𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝑩𝑷𝑰𝒖𝒏𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒆𝒅 × 𝑨∗
*A = share of harvested area for a specific crop in global area harvested to that crop
i.e. Land area weightedOR
= share of country’s target population in global target population
i.e. Population weighted
Comparing Unweighted and Weighted BPI: The case of Vitamin A Maize
Note: The weighted BPI is a complementary tool. It should be examined concurrently with the unweighted BPI for effective decision making.
Concluding remarks
BPI is a helpful decision-making tool for prioritizing investment in biofortified crops
Interesting Findings
– Current H+ target countries are top priority for the crops that have already been introduced there Got it right!
– Opportunities for expansion into other (neighboring) countries
– Africa: Maize and root crops (vitamin A), beans and millet (iron)
– Asia: Wheat, Rice (zinc)
– Certain countries are suitable candidates for ‘food basket’ investment approach e.g. Angola
BPI Limitations
– Aggregated national level data may hide within-country variation
Subnational BPI (e.g. Ethiopia, Colombia, Nigeria, India)
– Does not consider cost-benefit explicitly
– Data limitations