Biofortification Priority Indexlcirah.ac.uk/sites/default/files/D1-S3-4_Asare-Marfo.pdf ·...
Transcript of Biofortification Priority Indexlcirah.ac.uk/sites/default/files/D1-S3-4_Asare-Marfo.pdf ·...
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HarvestPlus c/o IFPRI2033 K Street, NW • Washington, DC 20006-1002 USATel: 202-862-5600 • Fax: [email protected] • www.HarvestPlus.org
Biofortification Priority Index:A Global Strategy Tool for Investing
in Crop Biofortification
Dorene Asare-MarfoHarvestPlus, IFPRI
Presentation at the 5th Annual LCIRAH ConferenceLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM)
June 3, 2015
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Global Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies
This map details worldwide severity of the most common micronutrient deficiencies—vitamin A, iron, and zinc—using World Health Organization (WHO) children under 5 prevalence data. Severity was coded using a 3-point weighting system based on levels of public health significance cut-offs (low, moderate, and high).
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Hidden Hunger ‘Victims’
Poor quality diets
– high intake of staple foods
(e.g. rice, maize, cassava)
– low intake of micronutrient-rich foods
(e.g. fruits and vegetables)
Lack resources to grow or purchase micronutrient-rich foods
Ideally, we want to improve MD (hidden hunger) by making micronutrient-rich foods more accessible and affordable to the poor ...
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Process of breeding staple crops that are naturally
enriched with micronutrients
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Biofortification is not a ‘silver bullet’
... A complimentary tool in the
nutrition interventions toolkit
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H+ Target Crops (current)
8 countries
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WHERE ARE THE BEST
PLACES TO INVEST IN
BIOFORTIFIED NUTRITIOUS
CROPS???
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Biofortification Priority Index (BPI)
A tool to help stakeholders assess where, and in
which biofortified crops to invest
Crop specific (7 distinct crop BPIs)
Vitamin A Crops: Cassava, Maize, Sweet Potato
Iron Crops: Beans, Pearl Millet
Zinc Crops: Rice, Wheat
Ranks countries globally
127 countries across 3 regions (Africa, Asia, LAC)
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Priority conditions
1. Produce the crop
2. Consume much of the crop on a per capita basis
3. Have a high level of micronutrient deficiency
Production Index (PI)
Consumption Index (CI)
Micronutrient Deficiency
Index (MDI)
Biofortification Priority
Index (BPI)
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Production Sub Index (PI)
Measures the intensity of crop production
Variables:
Per capita area harvested (sqm per capita)
Share of cultivated land area allocated to crop (%)
Export share (%)
Production Index =[1 – export share] x
[(0.5 x per capita area harvested ) +(0.5 x % land area allocated to crop )]
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Consumption Sub Index (CI)
Measures the magnitude of per-capita consumption of crop which is supplied by domestic production
Variables:
Consumption per capita (kg/cap/year)
Import share (%)
Consumption Index =Consumption per capita x (1-Import Share*)
*Import share = Imports/(Production + Imports - Exports)
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Vitamin A MDI
Measures the extent of Vitamin A deficiency
Variables:
Proportion of preschool-age children with serum retinol less than 0.7μmol/l
Age-standardized DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants by VAD
Vitamin A Deficiency Index =(0.5 x Prop children with retinol < 0.70 umol/l)
+ (0.5 x Age-standardized DALYs )
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Iron MDI
Measures the extent of Iron deficiency
Variables:
Proportion of preschool-age children with Hb < 110 g/dl
Age-standardized DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants by IDA
Iron Deficiency Index =(0.5 x Prop children with Hb < 110 g/l)
+(0.5 x Age-standardized DALYs)
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Measures the extent of Zinc deficiency
Variables:
Percentage of population at risk of inadequate zinc intake
Prevalence of stunting among children 6-59 months (%)
Zinc Deficiency Index =(0.5 x % population at risk of inadequate zinc intake)
+(0.5 x Prevalence of stunting)
Zinc MDI
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Biofortification Prioritization Index (BPI)
𝐁𝐏𝐈 Score = 𝐏𝐈 × 𝐂𝐈 × 𝐌𝐃𝐈
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Data Sources
Sub-index Variable Data source
Production
Share of area harvested (%) FAO 2010
Per-capita area harvested (sq meter) FAO 2010
Export share (%) FAO 2010
ConsumptionPer-capita food consumption FAO 2010
Import Share (%) FAO 2010
Micronutrient Deficiency
SerumRetinol < 0.7umol/l WHO 2009
DALYs VAD WHO 2002
Inadequate Zinc ZiNCG 2004
Hb<110g/l WHO 2008/DHS
DALYs IDA WHO 2002
Stunting Zinc WHO 2006 - 2010
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BPI CROP SCORE
100 0High priority Low priority
BPI CROP PRIORITY GROUP (QUINTILES)
Top High Medium Low Little/No
BPI CROP RANK
1st nthHigh priority Low priority
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Results – Global Rankings (Top 10)
GlobalRank
Vitamin A crops Iron crops Zinc crops
MaizeSweet Potato
Cassava BeansPearl millet
Rice Wheat
1 Malawi Angola Mozambique Rwanda Niger Cambodia Tajikistan
2 Benin Burundi Angola Benin Gambia Bangladesh Turkmenistan
3 Zambia Uganda Ghana TanzaniaBurkina
FasoLaos Azerbaijan
4 Kenya Mozambique Liberia Burundi Chad Myanmar Afghanistan
5 Mozambique Rwanda Benin Myanmar Senegal Viet Nam Pakistan
6 Angola Tanzania CAR Togo Mali Indonesia Kazakhstan
7 Burkina Faso Sierra Leone DRC Haiti Nigeria Sierra Leone Uzbekistan
8 Zimbabwe Madagascar Sierra Leone Uganda Namibia Madagascar Turkey
9 Timor-Leste Guinea Côte d'Ivoire AngolaGuinea-Bissau
Sri Lanka India
10 Mali Haiti Zambia Kenya Uganda Philippines Iraq
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BPI Interactive Tool
• Recently launched (January 2015)
• bit.ly/HPlusBPI
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WEIGHTED BPI
𝑩𝑷𝑰𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝑩𝑷𝑰𝒖𝒏𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒆𝒅 × 𝑨∗
*A = share of harvested area for a specific crop in global area harvested to that crop
i.e. Land area weightedOR
= share of country’s target population in global target population
i.e. Population weighted
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Comparing Unweighted and Weighted BPI: The case of Vitamin A Maize
Note: The weighted BPI is a complementary tool. It should be examined concurrently with the unweighted BPI for effective decision making.
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Concluding remarks
BPI is a helpful decision-making tool for prioritizing investment in biofortified crops
Interesting Findings
– Current H+ target countries are top priority for the crops that have already been introduced there Got it right!
– Opportunities for expansion into other (neighboring) countries
– Africa: Maize and root crops (vitamin A), beans and millet (iron)
– Asia: Wheat, Rice (zinc)
– Certain countries are suitable candidates for ‘food basket’ investment approach e.g. Angola
BPI Limitations
– Aggregated national level data may hide within-country variation
Subnational BPI (e.g. Ethiopia, Colombia, Nigeria, India)
– Does not consider cost-benefit explicitly
– Data limitations
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