Base Oil for Lubricants

- Manufacture & classificationHussam Adeni

What are Lubricants

• Lubricants• Special materials to

•Reduce friction•Reduce wear• In machine elements

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What are lubricants

• Lubricants come in a variety of forms• Liquids – fluids• Semi solids - grease• Even solid, at times - graphite

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What are lubricants

• Lubricants are• Mineral Oils• Vegetable oils• Synthetic

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What are Lubricants

• Lubricant comprise of• Base oil or carrier fluid• Specially formulated additives

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Flow chart – Lube manufacture

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What are lubricants

Finished lubricants - a careful blend of• Base Oils• And additives

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Base Oil manufacture

Overview of the process• A series of steps• To improve desirable lube properties

• Viscosity Index• Oxidation• Heat resistance• Low temperature fluidity

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Base oil manufacture

Starting with crude oil, typical process of making lube oil consists of

•Separation•Removal•Distillation•Dewaxing•Finishing

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Base oil manufacture

• Crude oil distillation - First the lighter ends removed

Motor spirit Kerosene Solvents

- Middle distillates separated Lube base stocks

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Base Oil manufacture- Flowchart

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Distillation – Top fraction

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Base oil manufacturing process

• Middle distillates refined further•Vacuum distillation•Propane de asphalting•Solvent refining•Solvent dewaxing•Treating•Clay filtering

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Base oil manufacturing process

• Lubes base stocks - Vacuum distillation

Single stage Multi stage

required for removal of “balance” - lighter ends

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Base oil manufacture - Flowchart

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Distillation – middle fraction

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Base oil manufacturing

• Lubes base stocks - Dewaxing

- MEK – Toulene - For Pour Point reduction

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Base oil manufacturing

• Hydrofinishing - Reduction with hydrogen

- For removal ofSulphur

Nitrogen Oxygen

Improves heat & oxidation stability

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Base oil manufacturing

• De asphalting - Reduction with propane

- For removal ofAsphaltic compounds

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Crude Oil composition

• Composition (weight %)• Carbon 84%• Hydrogen 14%• Sulphur 1.5%• Others (nitrogen, Oxygen, Metals, salts) < 2%

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Yield – Base Oil manufacturing process

• Yield in percentages• Gasoline 44%• Diesel 21%• Kerosene /Jet Fuel 9%• Others ( Coke , asphalt, residual

fuel oil) 25%• Lube Oil base stock 1%

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Base Oils types

• Paraffinic 60%• Naphthenic 28%• Aromatic 12%

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Base Oil classification

• Pale Oils• Lighter ends

• Neutrals• Middle ends

• Bright stock• Heavy ends

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Typical base oils

• Solvent neutrals• SN 70• SN 100• SN 150• SN 300• SN 350• SN 500 • SN 650• SN 900

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Typical base oils

• Bright stock• BS 150

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API classifications – Base Oils

• American Petroleum Institute (API)• Group I, II, II+

• Mineral Oils

• Group III, IV, V• Synthetic Oils

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API classifications – Base Oils

• American Petroleum Institute (API)• Group I,

• Solvent Refined base stocks• Mineral Oils

• Group II, II+,III• Solvent refined and Hydro treated

• Group IV, V• Synthetics• Polymerized olefins from petrochemical source

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API Base Oil – Interchange Guidelines

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Base Oil category

Sulphur (%) Saturates (%)

Viscosity Index (VI)

Group I > 0.03 < 90 80 to 120

Group II < 0.03 > 90 80 to 120

Group III < 0.03 > 90 > 120

Group IV All polyalphaolefins (PAO)

Group V All others not included in Group I, II, III or IV

Typical cost of base oils

• From crude oils - Yield of Lube stocks is 1%

• If crude price is “X”• Lube base oil price = “2X”• In short base oil costs can be upto

“twice” price of crude oil

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What is a lubricant

• Finished lubricants - Careful blend of

• Base Oils• additives

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What is a lubricant

Finished lubricants =

Base Oils + Additives

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What are additives

Lubricant additives - classified on their functional capability1.Enhance existing property2.Suppress undesirable property3.Impart new property

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What are additives

1. Enhance existing property• Anti oxidant• Corrosion inhibitor• Anti foam agent• Demulsifying agent

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What are additives

2. Suppress undesirable base oil property

• Pour Point depressant• VI improver

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What are additives

3. Impart new property• E P additive• Anti wear agents• Detergents• Dispersants• Metal deactivators• Tackiness agents

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Base oils – Holly Lubricants & Specialities Ltd

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Thank you

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