Biology 2nd Semester

and Evolution

Diversity, Genetics

genetwo lines, turns

Big Ideas / Major

Understandings:

The DNA molecule

What determines structure and function of cells?

Offspring receive genetic information (DNA) from their

parents.

Chromosomal mutations may lead to

genetic variation

Unity and Diversity

Explain the structural properties of

and the

role of DNA in

and

heredity

protein synthesis

DNA

passing of traits to offspring

production of protein

Assessment

Diagram and explain the role of DNA in heredity :

DNA replication

translation

transcription producing mRNA from DNA

and protein synthesis which includes

replicating DNA

making protein using tRNA and ribosomes (rRNA)

Explain Mendel's laws of heredity

And how can the laws can be used to determine the traits of possible offspring

1 the Law of Segregation and

2 the Law of Independent Assortment

The Law of Segregation states that the members of each pair of alleles separate when gametes are formed. A gamete will receive one allele or the other. The Law of Independent assortment states that two or more pairs of alleles segregate independently of one another during gamete formation.

Assessment Use Mendel's laws to predict the potential offspring of two parents:

Both

phenotype  

and genotype

Explain possible causes of

chromosomal mutations

and their effects on genetic variation

Assessment Name human chromosomal disorders

Sickle cell anemia

Down Syndrome

Cystic Fibrosisand describe the cause and symptoms of each

Week 21

DNA and Genes – Let’s Make a Protein!!

Ch 11.1-2 Pg 280 Week 21

DNA / Nucleus / Gene / Chromosomes / Protein use these words in two sentences

In the ________ there are _____________ that are made of ________________ acid.

nucleus chromosomes

A section of DNA that codes for a protein is called a _______.

Deoxyribonucleic

gene

(aka (DNA))

Enzymes__________ are proteins that control _________ ___________.chemical reactions

enzyme

activator

substrateproducts

NucleotidesNucleic Acids are made of

these

They consist of 3 molecules bonded together

a phosphate group a sugar,

and a nitrogenous base

DNA RNA

DNA has 4 types of nitrogenous basesA T G C• Adenine (A) and• Thymine (T) • Guanine (G) and • Cytosine (C)

_______________ proposed that DNA is composed of two strands twisted together in a double ____.

Watson and Crick

helix

DNA replication

A process in which DNA in the chromosomes is copied (replicated)

Click to see

What are the 3 steps of DNA replication

1 DNA unzips - enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between bases

2. Bases pair

3. Bases bond

protein / polymer / amino acid – write as sentenceProteins are ___________composed of

strands of 40 or more ___________ polymersamino acids

3 ways RNA differs from DNA

RNA is • 1) single stranded (DNA is _________stranded)• 2) has ribose sugar (DNA has ____________)• 3) contains uracil (U) (DNA has __________

(T))

double

Thyminedeoxyribose

nucleic acid

nucleic acid

(mRNA)

Takes instructions (a

message)for making proteins from

the

DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes (rRNA)

in the cytoplasm

Messenger RNA

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA

• The assembly line for producing proteins, bonds amino acids together

(rRNA)

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

• Supplies amino acids to the ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Transcription

When enzymes make an mRNA copy of a section of DNA (gene)

RNA

gene

Introns

Sections of gene that are expressed

Sections of a gene that are NOT expressedExons

expressed

Not expressed

codon / base / amino acid

• A group of three nitrogenous _____s in a gene that code for an ______ acid is called a ______

baseaminocodon

Translation After transcription,

mRNA goes to the ribosome and begins a process which converts mRNA code into a protein

tRNA

mRNA

rRNA

Amino acid

protein

AND NOW THE QUIZ

1

A process in which DNA in the chromosomes is copied

Click to see

2

1 DNA unzips - enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between bases

2. Bases pair

3. Bases bond

3Proteins are ___________composed of

strands of 40 or more ___________ polymers

4) 2 ways RNA differs from DNARNA is • 1) ________ stranded • 2) has _______ sugar

nucleic acid

Takes instructions (a

message)for making proteins from

the

DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes (rRNA)

in the cytoplasm

5

rRNA

6

In the ________ there are _____________ that are made of ________________ acid.

nucleus

A section of DNA that codes for a protein is called a _______.

Deoxyribonucleic (aka (DNA))

7_________ are proteins that control _________ ___________.chemical reactions

8The two kinds of

nucleic acids,

are made of these

They consist of 3 molecules bonded together

a phosphate group a sugar,

and a nitrogenous base

DNA and RNA

9

• Supplies amino acids to the ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

10

• The assembly line for producing proteins, bonds amino acids together

11

When enzymes make an mRNA copy of a section of DNA (gene)

RNA

gene

Introns

Sections of gene that are expressed

Sections of a gene that are NOT expressed12

expressed

Not expressed

_______________ proposed that DNA is composed of two strands twisted together in a double ____.

13

helix

14The two kinds of

nucleic acids,

are made of these

They consist of 3 molecules bonded together

a phosphate group a sugar,

and a nitrogenous base

DNA and RNA

codon / base / amino acid

• A group of three nitrogenous _____s in a gene that code for an ______ acid is called a ______

baseamino15

16

A process which converts mRNA into a protein

tRNA

mRNA

rRNA

Amino acid

protein

Mahalo!