Post on 12-May-2015
Electric Energy Storage Technology Options for the Electric Enterprise
Overview of Status, Application Value and U.S. Activities
Dan RastlerElectric Power Research Institute
Smart Grid: A 360 View of Battery StorageAtlanta, GAAugust 30, 2011
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Discussion Outline
•Drivers for Electric Energy Storage Solutions•Landscape of Electric Energy Storage Options•Overview of US activities•Quantification of Application Value•Paving the way for Storage Solutions•Summary
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Drivers for Electric Energy Storage Solutions
• Managing Increased Wind and PV Penetration on the Grid • Ancillary Services – Support Renwables; Optimal use of Fossil Units• Grid Asset Management
– Managing Grid Peaks,T&D Capital Deployment, Outage Mitigation • Increasing the value of Distributed Photovoltaic systems• Enhancing the value of a Smart Grid: Peak Energy Management
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Industry Drivers for Energy Storage SolutionsOperating Challenges: Variability & Uncertainty
High Levels of Wind and Solar PV Will Present an Operating Challenge!
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Operating Challenges Will Continue to Increase….
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Coal Hydro BiomassDualFuel
Wind Solar
Gas Nuclear Oil PumpedStorage
Geothermal
Coal Hydro BiomassDualFuel
Wind Solar
Gas Nuclear Oil PumpedStorage
Geothermal
2009 MW (000s) 2018 MW (000s)Installed Capacity 1,044 GWWind Capacity 28 GW
Installed Capacity 1,453 MWWind Capacity 256 GW
NERC 2018 Resource Projection
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Concerns: • Voltage Fluctuations• System Protection• Power Quality• Increased Duty• Impact on Demand
Industry Driver for Energy Storage SolutionsIncreased Penetration of Photovoltaics on the Grid
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22Hour
Customer LoadCustomer PV (-)
Substation
PV
Substation End of Feeder
ANSI Lower Limit
Distance
Voltage
ANSI Upper Limit After PV
Before PV
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Industry Driver: Grid Infrastructure Investments for Delivery and Reliability
• Cost of Power Disturbances to the US Economy $ 180 B/year
• Cost of a massive blackout ~ $ 10 B / event
• CapEx in Transmission Investments ~ $ 10 B / 2011
• CapEx in Distribution Investments ~ $ 20 B /yr 2010 growing to $ 35 B /yr by 2030
• By 2030, the electric utility industry will need to make a total infrastructure investment of $1.5trillion to $2.0 trillion. (+ $15.5 B with Renewable Penetration)
What if we could Store and Deliver Electricity “when and where” it was needed?
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Redox-Flow Battery< 3 MWs
Nickel-Cadmium Battery27 MWs
Compressed Air Energy Storage440 MWs
Sodium-Sulphur Battery316 MWs
Lead-Acid Battery~35 MWs
Over 99% oftotal storage capacity
Current LandscapeEnergy Storage Penetration is Very Small
Source: Fraunhofer Institute, EPRI
127,000 MWel
Pumped Hydro
Worldwide installed storage capacity for electrical energy
Lithium Ion Battery~20 MWs
Fly Wheels < 25 MWs
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Flow Batteries: Zn/Cl Zn-Air ZrBr VRB PSB New Chemistries
NaS Battery
Li-Ion Battery
NiCdNiMH
High Power Fly Wheels
SMESHigh Power Super Caps
1 kW 10 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1 GW
High Energy Super Caps NaNiCl2 Battery
System Power Ratings, Module Size
Dis
char
ge T
ime
at R
ated
Pow
erSe
cond
s
Min
utes
H
ours
UPS T&D Grid Support Bulk Power Mgt Power Quality Load Shifting Pumped
HydroCAES
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Adv. Lead Acid Battery
Lead Acid Battery
Electric Energy Storage Options – Not Complete
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Overview of Energy Storage Solutions Bulk to Distributed Storage Solutions in the Smart Grid
MWs to kWs: seconds, min, hours of energy duration
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EPRI Testing Several Emerging Battery Storage Systems in Knoxville, Tn
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Knoxville, TN
EPRI - TVA SMART Charging Project
•EV Charging site with 6 charge stations that are assisted by PV and battery storage.
•GSB’s scope included providing: • (3) 10kW battery charger/inverters
(Silent Power OnDemand)
• 3 sets of (48) SLC70‐4 batteries for a total of 960Ah (46.08kWh) of storage
DOE and Utility Funded Energy Storage Demonstrations in the U.S.
PGE 5 MW / 1.25 MWh Li-ionSalem, OR (EnerDel)
SMUD 500 kW / 3 MWh ZnBrSacramento, CA (Premium Power)
SMUD 5 kW / 9 kWh Li-ion(Saft)
25 kWh Li-ionBerkeley, CA (Seeo)
Amber Kinetics FlywheelFremont, CA (LLNL)
PG&E 300 MW Adv. CAESKern County, CA (EPRI)
250 kW / 1 MWh Iron / Chrome flow battery Modesto, CA (Ktech Corp )
SCE 8 MW / 32 MWh Li-ionTehachapi, CA (A123)
PNM Adv, Lead AcidAlbuquerque, NM (East Penn)
PJM 20 MW FlywheelChicago, IL (Beacon)
KCP&L Li-ionKansas City, MO (Dow Kokam, Siemens)
DTE 500 kW / 250 kWh Li-ionMI (A123)
AEP 2 MW Li-ion for CESOH (International Battery, S&C)
Carnegie Melon Na IonPittsburgh, PA (Aquila)
NGrid 500 kW / 3 MWh ZnBrSyracuse, NY (Premium Power)
NYSEG 145 MW Adv. CAESWatkins Glen, NY (EPRI)
SustainX 1 MW / 4 MWhIsothermal CAES MA / NH
NGrid 500 kW / 3 MWh ZnBrEverett, MA (Premium Power)
DTE 500 kW / 250 kWh Li IonMA (A123)
Duke 20 MW TBD Wind SupportNotrees, TX
25 MW Zn-Air Flow BatteryModesto, CA (Primus)
U.S Energy Storage Grid Integration Activities
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UCSD: 15 kWh(Sanyo)
SMUD: 5kW / 9kWh(Saft)
HECO: 5 kW / 20 kWh(GreenSmith)
Southern Co: 60 kW / 240 kWh(GreenSmith TS)
Progress Energy: 5 kW/ 20 kWh(GreenSmith TS)
AES: 1 MW / 250 kWh(Altairnano)
NYPA: 1 MW / 250 kWh(Ultralife Corp)
SCE: 8 MW / 32 MWh(A123)
PGE: 5 MW / 1.25 MWh(EnerDel)
DTE: 500 kW (A123)
AEP: 2 MW(Int’l Battery)
KCPL: 1 MW(Dow Kokam)
Battery OEMs• A123Systems• AltairNano• EnerDel• Saft• Dow Kokam• International Battery• GreenSmith / Thundersky• Sanyo•Ultralife•Electrovaya
Auto Major Contract
No Auto Contract*Size of star indicates
scale of demo
What Utilities Are Doing in Energy StorageCurrent / Planned U.S. Li-ion Demonstrations
SCE: distributed Li-ion systems, 10 kWh each
(LG Chem)
APS: 0.5 MW(Electrovaya, ABB)
Duke Energy: 25 kW & 250 kW (Kokam)
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NaS Battery at Xcel – Luverne, MN
• 1.25 MVA / 1.0 MW – Outdoor Installation• Wind smoothing• Dispatched wind• Peak shaving• Energy arbitrage
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30kW BidirectionalInverter
ZEBRA battery
PLC, Display, Fan, Charger
NaNiCl2 Battery SystemsApplication for PV Smoothing in Tuscany
Courtesy of Fiamm
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NaNiMx~ 1 MW / 2 MWh
Courtesy of General Electric
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Advanced Lead Acid BatteryXtreme Power 1.5 MW / 1 MWh
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Flow Battery SystemsDecouple Power &Energy / Positioned for >5 hrs storage
Zn / Br Systems• 0.5 MW / 2.8 MWh Prototype
Others include:– Vanadium Redox– Fe / Cr– Zn / Cl– Zn / Air
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Li-ion Battery SystemsBeing Deployed in High Value Applications
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Global Li-ion Production Capacity will be at a Scale to Enable Utility Grid Applications
Confluence Industry
Drivers
Use of a Common Storage Platform
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Energy StorageKey Asset in Smart Grid
• Costs and Benefits of Smart Grid (EPRI 1022519) March 2011
• Net Investment*: $ 338 – $ 476 • Net Benefit*: 1,294 – 2,028• Benefit-to-Cost: 2.8 – 6.0
* Billion $
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EPRI identified 10 key applications along the entire electric value chain … the list is not comprehensive
ISO System Level Utility Grid Support Customer Energy Mgt
Whole Sale Energy Services
Renewable Integration
Stationary T&D Support
Transportable T&D Support
Distributed Storage
C&I Energy Mgt
C&I PQ and Rel.
ESCO Aggregated
Home Energy Mgt
Home Back-up
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Energy Storage Systems must be able to realize multiple operational uses across the energy value chain
Benefit Type Time End User Distribution Transmission
Utility System ISO
Energy ($/kWh)
Reliability($/kW)
Power($/kW)
Operations($/kVAR &$/kW)
Power Quality DESS
Reliability
System Capacity
Energy Arbitrage
Hig
her
Val
ue
for
D
isch
arg
e C
apac
ity
($/k
W)
Hig
her
Val
ue
for
En
erg
y S
tora
ge
($/k
Wh
)
Size of Application
Energy Management
Ancillary Services
100s kW 10s MW 100s MW10s kW
Sec
on
ds
Min
ute
s
Renewable Smoothing
T&D System Support
T&DInvestment
DeferralRenewable Integration
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Summary of Application Value AnalysisTotal Resource Cost Test (TRC)
Value: $/kW-h of usable energy storage
Caveat: Energy storage systems to address
each application will vary in cost, depending on
size, location, and system power-to-energy ratio.
Customer-
Side
Applications*
DESS
Substation
Grid Support
Frequency
Regulation
Best economics for near-term utility-scale storage
*Values calculated from customer perspective.
TOU rates and demand charge savings represent loss of utility revenue
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Gap AnalysisBenchmarking Value to Storage System Cost
• Summary of Energy Storage Cost Options from EPRI’s detailed Cost Data Base
• Benefit / Cost Gap Analysis for each application
• Analytic foundation for utility benefit & cost value analysis $0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
Pres
ent V
alue
$/k
W-h
(AC
)
Trans T&D Support
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Paving the Way for Storage Solutions
• EPRI’s goal: Safe, reliable, cost-effective, grid-ready energy storage solutions – Identify where storage brings
the most value– Define clearly what the
storage system has to do– Test, evaluate, and validate
the storage product– Determine the effects on the
grid– Assess the true value of
storage in real-life applications.
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Storage
Paving the Way for Storage Solutions Storage must be a complete product...
Power Conditioning System
• DC to AC conversion
• Charging control
• Reactive powermanagement
• Integration point to the grid
EnergyStorage
Balance of Plant
• Data acquisition and controls
• Thermal management
• Physical structure
• Shipping and Installation
All components must be safe, reliable, low-cost, and seamlessly integrated
Storage
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Paving the Way for Storage Solutions Storage must be integrated with the grid
EnergyStorage
DistributionInfrastructure
GridOperations Smart Grid
• Protection schemes
• Understanding capacity implications
• Islanding
• Interface with public and local agencies
• Communications and control protocols
• Object models
• Cybersecurity
• Regulatory framework
• Market framework
• Operational algorithms
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Paving the Way for Storage Solutions Storage must make economic sense
Battery Cost
Power Electronics
Balance of Plant
T&D Upgrade Deferral
Costs of Storage
Benefits of Storage
Power Quality and Reliability
Regulation Services
Voltage Support
Inertia Support
MarketApplications
Rate BasedApplications
Demand Peak Reduction
PhotovoltaicPeak Shift Customer Side
Applications
For Illustration
Only
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Summary Key EPRI Energy Storage Resources
• Key Reports:
• Electric Energy Storage Technology Options: A White Paper Primer on Applications, Costs and Benefits(EPRI 1020676)
• Executive summary (EPRI 1022261)
• Functional Requirements for Electric Energy Storage Applications on the Power System Grid (EPRI 1022544)
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Summary
• Storage will be a key asset in the Smart Grid
• Grid Energy Storage Deployment is in its Infancy
• CAES – lowest cost (near-term) option for Bulk Storage > 10 hrs; Large Demos Planned.
• Li-ion – potentially lowest cost (longer-term) for distributed storage < 4 hrs
• Several new technologies in the pipeline that look promising for significant cost reduction - stay in tuned!
• Work Together to Pave the Way for Energy Storage Solutions!