Atlanta smart grid presentatin 8 30 2011 r3

Electric Energy Storage Technology Options for the Electric Enterprise

Overview of Status, Application Value and U.S. Activities

Dan RastlerElectric Power Research Institute

Smart Grid: A 360 View of Battery StorageAtlanta, GAAugust 30, 2011

2© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Discussion Outline

•Drivers for Electric Energy Storage Solutions•Landscape of Electric Energy Storage Options•Overview of US activities•Quantification of Application Value•Paving the way for Storage Solutions•Summary


Drivers for Electric Energy Storage Solutions

• Managing Increased Wind and PV Penetration on the Grid • Ancillary Services – Support Renwables; Optimal use of Fossil Units• Grid Asset Management

– Managing Grid Peaks,T&D Capital Deployment, Outage Mitigation • Increasing the value of Distributed Photovoltaic systems• Enhancing the value of a Smart Grid: Peak Energy Management


Industry Drivers for Energy Storage SolutionsOperating Challenges: Variability & Uncertainty

High Levels of Wind and Solar PV Will Present an Operating Challenge!


Operating Challenges Will Continue to Increase….

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Coal Hydro BiomassDualFuel

Wind Solar

Gas Nuclear Oil PumpedStorage

Geothermal

Coal Hydro BiomassDualFuel

Wind Solar

Gas Nuclear Oil PumpedStorage

Geothermal

2009 MW (000s) 2018 MW (000s)Installed Capacity 1,044 GWWind Capacity 28 GW

Installed Capacity 1,453 MWWind Capacity 256 GW

NERC 2018 Resource Projection


Concerns: • Voltage Fluctuations• System Protection• Power Quality• Increased Duty• Impact on Demand

Industry Driver for Energy Storage SolutionsIncreased Penetration of Photovoltaics on the Grid

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22Hour

Customer LoadCustomer PV (-)

Substation

PV

Substation End of Feeder

ANSI Lower Limit

Distance

Voltage

ANSI Upper Limit After PV

Before PV


Industry Driver: Grid Infrastructure Investments for Delivery and Reliability

• Cost of Power Disturbances to the US Economy $ 180 B/year

• Cost of a massive blackout ~ $ 10 B / event

• CapEx in Transmission Investments ~ $ 10 B / 2011

• CapEx in Distribution Investments ~ $ 20 B /yr 2010 growing to $ 35 B /yr by 2030

• By 2030, the electric utility industry will need to make a total infrastructure investment of $1.5trillion to $2.0 trillion. (+ $15.5 B with Renewable Penetration)

What if we could Store and Deliver Electricity “when and where” it was needed?


Redox-Flow Battery< 3 MWs

Nickel-Cadmium Battery27 MWs

Compressed Air Energy Storage440 MWs

Sodium-Sulphur Battery316 MWs

Lead-Acid Battery~35 MWs

Over 99% oftotal storage capacity

Current LandscapeEnergy Storage Penetration is Very Small

Source: Fraunhofer Institute, EPRI

127,000 MWel

Pumped Hydro

Worldwide installed storage capacity for electrical energy

Lithium Ion Battery~20 MWs

Fly Wheels < 25 MWs


Flow Batteries: Zn/Cl Zn-Air ZrBr VRB PSB New Chemistries

NaS Battery

Li-Ion Battery

NiCdNiMH

High Power Fly Wheels

SMESHigh Power Super Caps

1 kW 10 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1 GW

High Energy Super Caps NaNiCl2 Battery

System Power Ratings, Module Size

Dis

char

ge T

ime

at R

ated

Pow

erSe

cond

s

Min

utes

H

ours

UPS T&D Grid Support Bulk Power Mgt Power Quality Load Shifting Pumped

HydroCAES

© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Adv. Lead Acid Battery

Lead Acid Battery

Electric Energy Storage Options – Not Complete


Overview of Energy Storage Solutions Bulk to Distributed Storage Solutions in the Smart Grid

MWs to kWs: seconds, min, hours of energy duration


EPRI Testing Several Emerging Battery Storage Systems in Knoxville, Tn


Knoxville, TN

EPRI - TVA SMART Charging Project

•EV Charging site with 6 charge stations that are assisted by PV and battery storage.

•GSB’s scope included providing: • (3) 10kW battery charger/inverters

(Silent Power OnDemand)

• 3 sets of (48) SLC70‐4 batteries for a total of 960Ah (46.08kWh) of storage

DOE and Utility Funded Energy Storage Demonstrations in the U.S.

PGE 5 MW / 1.25 MWh Li-ionSalem, OR (EnerDel)

SMUD 500 kW / 3 MWh ZnBrSacramento, CA (Premium Power)

SMUD 5 kW / 9 kWh Li-ion(Saft)

25 kWh Li-ionBerkeley, CA (Seeo)

Amber Kinetics FlywheelFremont, CA (LLNL)

PG&E 300 MW Adv. CAESKern County, CA (EPRI)

250 kW / 1 MWh Iron / Chrome flow battery Modesto, CA (Ktech Corp )

SCE 8 MW / 32 MWh Li-ionTehachapi, CA (A123)

PNM Adv, Lead AcidAlbuquerque, NM (East Penn)

PJM 20 MW FlywheelChicago, IL (Beacon)

KCP&L Li-ionKansas City, MO (Dow Kokam, Siemens)

DTE 500 kW / 250 kWh Li-ionMI (A123)

AEP 2 MW Li-ion for CESOH (International Battery, S&C)

Carnegie Melon Na IonPittsburgh, PA (Aquila)

NGrid 500 kW / 3 MWh ZnBrSyracuse, NY (Premium Power)

NYSEG 145 MW Adv. CAESWatkins Glen, NY (EPRI)

SustainX 1 MW / 4 MWhIsothermal CAES MA / NH

NGrid 500 kW / 3 MWh ZnBrEverett, MA (Premium Power)

DTE 500 kW / 250 kWh Li IonMA (A123)

Duke 20 MW TBD Wind SupportNotrees, TX

25 MW Zn-Air Flow BatteryModesto, CA (Primus)

U.S Energy Storage Grid Integration Activities


UCSD: 15 kWh(Sanyo)

SMUD: 5kW / 9kWh(Saft)

HECO: 5 kW / 20 kWh(GreenSmith)

Southern Co: 60 kW / 240 kWh(GreenSmith TS)

Progress Energy: 5 kW/ 20 kWh(GreenSmith TS)

AES: 1 MW / 250 kWh(Altairnano)

NYPA: 1 MW / 250 kWh(Ultralife Corp)

SCE: 8 MW / 32 MWh(A123)

PGE: 5 MW / 1.25 MWh(EnerDel)

DTE: 500 kW (A123)

AEP: 2 MW(Int’l Battery)

KCPL: 1 MW(Dow Kokam)

Battery OEMs• A123Systems• AltairNano• EnerDel• Saft• Dow Kokam• International Battery• GreenSmith / Thundersky• Sanyo•Ultralife•Electrovaya

Auto Major Contract

No Auto Contract*Size of star indicates

scale of demo

What Utilities Are Doing in Energy StorageCurrent / Planned U.S. Li-ion Demonstrations

SCE: distributed Li-ion systems, 10 kWh each

(LG Chem)

APS: 0.5 MW(Electrovaya, ABB)

Duke Energy: 25 kW & 250 kW (Kokam)


NaS Battery at Xcel – Luverne, MN

• 1.25 MVA / 1.0 MW – Outdoor Installation• Wind smoothing• Dispatched wind• Peak shaving• Energy arbitrage


30kW BidirectionalInverter

ZEBRA battery

PLC, Display, Fan, Charger

NaNiCl2 Battery SystemsApplication for PV Smoothing in Tuscany

Courtesy of Fiamm


NaNiMx~ 1 MW / 2 MWh

Courtesy of General Electric


Advanced Lead Acid BatteryXtreme Power 1.5 MW / 1 MWh


Flow Battery SystemsDecouple Power &Energy / Positioned for >5 hrs storage

Zn / Br Systems• 0.5 MW / 2.8 MWh Prototype

Others include:– Vanadium Redox– Fe / Cr– Zn / Cl– Zn / Air


Li-ion Battery SystemsBeing Deployed in High Value Applications

http://www.staradvertiser.com/multimedia/photo_galleries/viewer/?galID=126003433&photo=2


Global Li-ion Production Capacity will be at a Scale to Enable Utility Grid Applications

Confluence Industry

Drivers

Use of a Common Storage Platform


Energy StorageKey Asset in Smart Grid

• Costs and Benefits of Smart Grid (EPRI 1022519) March 2011

• Net Investment*: $ 338 – $ 476 • Net Benefit*: 1,294 – 2,028• Benefit-to-Cost: 2.8 – 6.0

* Billion $


EPRI identified 10 key applications along the entire electric value chain … the list is not comprehensive

ISO System Level Utility Grid Support Customer Energy Mgt

Whole Sale Energy Services

Renewable Integration

Stationary T&D Support

Transportable T&D Support

Distributed Storage

C&I Energy Mgt

C&I PQ and Rel.

ESCO Aggregated

Home Energy Mgt

Home Back-up


Energy Storage Systems must be able to realize multiple operational uses across the energy value chain

Benefit Type Time End User Distribution Transmission

Utility System ISO

Energy ($/kWh)

Reliability($/kW)

Power($/kW)

Operations($/kVAR &$/kW)

Power Quality DESS

Reliability

System Capacity

Energy Arbitrage

Hig

her

Val

ue

for

D

isch

arg

e C

apac

ity

($/k

W)

Hig

her

Val

ue

for

En

erg

y S

tora

ge

($/k

Wh

)

Size of Application

Energy Management

Ancillary Services

100s kW 10s MW 100s MW10s kW

Sec

on

ds

Min

ute

s

Renewable Smoothing

T&D System Support

T&DInvestment

DeferralRenewable Integration


Summary of Application Value AnalysisTotal Resource Cost Test (TRC)

Value: $/kW-h of usable energy storage

Caveat: Energy storage systems to address

each application will vary in cost, depending on

size, location, and system power-to-energy ratio.

Customer-

Side

Applications*

DESS

Substation

Grid Support

Frequency

Regulation

Best economics for near-term utility-scale storage

*Values calculated from customer perspective.

TOU rates and demand charge savings represent loss of utility revenue


Gap AnalysisBenchmarking Value to Storage System Cost

• Summary of Energy Storage Cost Options from EPRI’s detailed Cost Data Base

• Benefit / Cost Gap Analysis for each application

• Analytic foundation for utility benefit & cost value analysis $0

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

$2,500

Pres

ent V

alue

$/k

W-h

(AC

)

Trans T&D Support


Paving the Way for Storage Solutions

• EPRI’s goal: Safe, reliable, cost-effective, grid-ready energy storage solutions – Identify where storage brings

the most value– Define clearly what the

storage system has to do– Test, evaluate, and validate

the storage product– Determine the effects on the

grid– Assess the true value of

storage in real-life applications.


Storage

Paving the Way for Storage Solutions Storage must be a complete product...

Power Conditioning System

• DC to AC conversion

• Charging control

• Reactive powermanagement

• Integration point to the grid

EnergyStorage

Balance of Plant

• Data acquisition and controls

• Thermal management

• Physical structure

• Shipping and Installation

All components must be safe, reliable, low-cost, and seamlessly integrated

Storage


Paving the Way for Storage Solutions Storage must be integrated with the grid

EnergyStorage

DistributionInfrastructure

GridOperations Smart Grid

• Protection schemes

• Understanding capacity implications

• Islanding

• Interface with public and local agencies

• Communications and control protocols

• Object models

• Cybersecurity

• Regulatory framework

• Market framework

• Operational algorithms


Paving the Way for Storage Solutions Storage must make economic sense

Battery Cost

Power Electronics

Balance of Plant

T&D Upgrade Deferral

Costs of Storage

Benefits of Storage

Power Quality and Reliability

Regulation Services

Voltage Support

Inertia Support

MarketApplications

Rate BasedApplications

Demand Peak Reduction

PhotovoltaicPeak Shift Customer Side

Applications

For Illustration

Only


Summary Key EPRI Energy Storage Resources

• Key Reports:

• Electric Energy Storage Technology Options: A White Paper Primer on Applications, Costs and Benefits(EPRI 1020676)

• Executive summary (EPRI 1022261)

• Functional Requirements for Electric Energy Storage Applications on the Power System Grid (EPRI 1022544)


Summary

• Storage will be a key asset in the Smart Grid

• Grid Energy Storage Deployment is in its Infancy

• CAES – lowest cost (near-term) option for Bulk Storage > 10 hrs; Large Demos Planned.

• Li-ion – potentially lowest cost (longer-term) for distributed storage < 4 hrs

• Several new technologies in the pipeline that look promising for significant cost reduction - stay in tuned!

• Work Together to Pave the Way for Energy Storage Solutions!

Atlanta smart grid presentatin 8 30 2011 r3

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