Anatomy and PhysiologyAn Introduction to the human body

The language of this course and Anatomy v. Physiology

Subdisciplines of Anatomy

Levels of Organization

Characteristics & life processes of the living human organism

Body systems and a brief history of the study of anatomy

Homeostasis and control mechanisms of homeostasis

Anatomical position

Body planes and directional terminology

Body regions and terminology

Body cavities and their membranes

Medical imaging methods/techniques for anatomical study

A & P Terminology

Greek // Latin

Cornerstone of learning anatomy

Prefix + Suffix = Term with a meaning

Gastro + ectomy = Gastrectomy

“Stomach” + “to cut out” = Stomach removal

Some prefixes / suffixes are remarkably similar and easily confused

Brachi- = Arm

Brachy- = Short

Brady- = Slow

Tachy- = Fast

A & P Terminology

Alg- = PainAngi- = Blood vessel

Some word origins are easily confused

Gland (Aden-) Disease (Path-)

Organ (Viscer-) Poison (Tox-)

A & P Terminology

Some prefixes to get you startedOrgans

Gastr- Stomach

Hepa- Liver

Nephr- Kidney

Entero- Instestine

Cerebro- Brain

Cardio- Heart

Pneumo- Lung

Derm- // Cut- Skin

A & P Terminology

TissuesChondr- CartilageOs- BoneMyo- MuscleNeuro- Nerves/ NervousLip- // Lipo- Fat

Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Gross or macroscopic

Microscopic

Developmental

Physiology – study of the function of the structures

Anatomy & physiology defined

Anatomy relates to physiology

Best (evolutionarily) adapted structures are those that lead to best performance of functions for life (survival).

What a structure does depends on its specific form

Gross Anatomy

Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)

Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system

Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Microscopic Anatomy

Cytology – study of the cell

Histology – study of tissues

Specialized Branches of Anatomy

Pathological anatomy – study of structural changes caused by disease

Radiographic anatomy – study of internal structures as visualized by X ray, CT scan or MRI, etc.

Molecular biology – study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level

Levels of Structural Organization

Levels of Structural OrganizationChemical – atoms combined to form molecules

Cellular – cells are made of molecules

Tissue – consists of similar types of cells

Organ – made up of different types of tissues

Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together

Organism – made up of the organ systems

Anatomy – a historical perspectiveEdwin – Smith Surgical Papyrus

Egypt 1500 BCE

Written recognition of the heart and its emanating vessels, liver spleen, kidneys, hypothalamus, uterus and bladder.

Also recognized structures that carried air

Anatomy – a historical perspective

Hippocratic Collection

Greece 4th cent BCE

Anatomy – a historical perspective

HumorismDiscredited theory adopted by

ancient Greek and Roman

physicians and philosphers

Commonly held view by European

Physicians until modern research in 19th cent.

Anatomy – a historical perspectiveClaudius Galenius (Claude Galen)

Roman AD 129-200

Largely influenced by humorism, but also stated importance of observation and dissection

Copious amount of published work; perhaps one of the most prolific writers of antiquity

Michaelangelo’s David

1501-1504

Anatomy – a historical perspective

Anatomy – a historical perspective

Andreas Visalius 1514 - 1564

De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septum 1543

Possible due to innovations in art and

printing techniques such as

ability to draw perspective and wood cut plates

Anatomy – a historical perspectiveLeonardo Da Vinci 1452-1519

Techniques and understanding

years ahead of his time

Never published, his work

effectively lost until the 20th cent

Much of his work is owned

by the Queen of England

Life ProcessesMetabolism (chem. process)

Catabolism – molecular decomposition

Anabolism – synthesis of molecules

Ingestion (food intake)

Digestion (decomp nutrient molecules)

Absorption (osmosis /diffusion)

Assimilation (nutrients form other needed substances)

Life ProcessesRespiration (energy release)

Excitability (respond to environment)

Conductivity (carry/transmit effects of stimuli (i.e. nerve signal transduction))

Growth (increase no. of cells)

Differentiation (stem cells specialize)

Reproduction (new cells or new organisms form)

HomeostasisMaintenance of a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

Internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium

Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

HomeostasisDisruption to a controlled condition (i.e. blood glucose level) stimulates a feedback system.

Feedback system composed ofReceptor

Control center

Effector

Nervous and Endocrine systems work to maintain homeostasis // controlled conditions

Feedback systemsNegative feedback system

Reverses a change in a controlled system

Positive feedback system

Reinforces change in a controlled condition

Homeostasis mostly relies on neg feedback

Disease is failure of homeostatic control.

Negative feedback

Positive Feedback

Anatomical Position

Body erect

Feet slightly apart

Palms facing forward

Thumbs point away from body

Directional Terms

Directional Terms

Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively

Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body

Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure

Directional Terms

Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body

Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface

Directional Terms

Ipsilateral and contralateral – on the same and opposite side of the body from another structure, respectively.

Regional Terms: Anterior View

Axial – head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular – appendages or limbs

Specific regional terminology

Regional Terms: Posterior View

Figure 1.7b

Body PlanesSagittal – divides the body into right and left parts

Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline

Parasagittal – sagittal plane that does not lie along the midline

Body Planes

Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Oblique section – cuts made diagonally

Body Planes

Body CavitiesDorsal cavity contains the central nervous system, has two subdivisions:

Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain

Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord

Body Cavities

Body Cavities

Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions:

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities

Body CavitiesThoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity

Pleural cavities – each houses a lung

Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs(thymus gland, esophagus, trachea, bronchi and large blood vessels)

Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart

Body CavitiesThe Abdominopelvic cavity is inferior to the thoracic cavity; separated by diaphragm

Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, sm. intestine, most of lg. intestine, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, cecum, appendix, sigmoid colon and rectum

Cavity Membranes

Serous membranes of the pleural cavity

Visceral pleura line surface of lungs

Parietal pleura line the chest wall

Serous membranes of the pericardial cavity

Visceral pericardium covers the heart

Parietal pericardium lines chest wall

Serous membranes of the abdominal cavityVisceral / Parietal peritoneum

Serous fluid separates the serosae

Other Body CavitiesOral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs

Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose

Orbital – house the eyes

Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations

Synovial – joint cavities

Abdominopelvic Cavity RegionsUmbilical

Epigastric

Hypogastric

Right and left iliac or inguinal

Right and left lumbar

Right and left hypochondriac

Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.11b

Medical ImagingAllows for visualization of structures inside the body. Helpful for diagnosis of disorders

Radiography (x-ray)

Computerized tomography (CT)

Digital subtraction angiography

Sonography

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Positron emission tomography (PET)