Anatomy and Physiology; Introduction to the human body
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Transcript of Anatomy and Physiology; Introduction to the human body
Anatomy and PhysiologyAn Introduction to the human body
The language of this course and Anatomy v. Physiology
Subdisciplines of Anatomy
Levels of Organization
Characteristics & life processes of the living human organism
Body systems and a brief history of the study of anatomy
Homeostasis and control mechanisms of homeostasis
Anatomical position
Body planes and directional terminology
Body regions and terminology
Body cavities and their membranes
Medical imaging methods/techniques for anatomical study
A & P Terminology
Greek // Latin
Cornerstone of learning anatomy
Prefix + Suffix = Term with a meaning
Gastro + ectomy = Gastrectomy
“Stomach” + “to cut out” = Stomach removal
Some prefixes / suffixes are remarkably similar and easily confused
Brachi- = Arm
Brachy- = Short
Brady- = Slow
Tachy- = Fast
A & P Terminology
Alg- = PainAngi- = Blood vessel
Some word origins are easily confused
Gland (Aden-) Disease (Path-)
Organ (Viscer-) Poison (Tox-)
A & P Terminology
Some prefixes to get you startedOrgans
Gastr- Stomach
Hepa- Liver
Nephr- Kidney
Entero- Instestine
Cerebro- Brain
Cardio- Heart
Pneumo- Lung
Derm- // Cut- Skin
A & P Terminology
TissuesChondr- CartilageOs- BoneMyo- MuscleNeuro- Nerves/ NervousLip- // Lipo- Fat
Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Gross or macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
Physiology – study of the function of the structures
Anatomy & physiology defined
Anatomy relates to physiology
Best (evolutionarily) adapted structures are those that lead to best performance of functions for life (survival).
What a structure does depends on its specific form
Gross Anatomy
Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)
Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system
Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
Microscopic Anatomy
Cytology – study of the cell
Histology – study of tissues
Specialized Branches of Anatomy
Pathological anatomy – study of structural changes caused by disease
Radiographic anatomy – study of internal structures as visualized by X ray, CT scan or MRI, etc.
Molecular biology – study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level
Levels of Structural Organization
Levels of Structural OrganizationChemical – atoms combined to form molecules
Cellular – cells are made of molecules
Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
Organ – made up of different types of tissues
Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together
Organism – made up of the organ systems
Anatomy – a historical perspectiveEdwin – Smith Surgical Papyrus
Egypt 1500 BCE
Written recognition of the heart and its emanating vessels, liver spleen, kidneys, hypothalamus, uterus and bladder.
Also recognized structures that carried air
Anatomy – a historical perspective
Hippocratic Collection
Greece 4th cent BCE
Anatomy – a historical perspective
HumorismDiscredited theory adopted by
ancient Greek and Roman
physicians and philosphers
Commonly held view by European
Physicians until modern research in 19th cent.
Anatomy – a historical perspectiveClaudius Galenius (Claude Galen)
Roman AD 129-200
Largely influenced by humorism, but also stated importance of observation and dissection
Copious amount of published work; perhaps one of the most prolific writers of antiquity
Michaelangelo’s David
1501-1504
Anatomy – a historical perspective
Anatomy – a historical perspective
Andreas Visalius 1514 - 1564
De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septum 1543
Possible due to innovations in art and
printing techniques such as
ability to draw perspective and wood cut plates
Anatomy – a historical perspectiveLeonardo Da Vinci 1452-1519
Techniques and understanding
years ahead of his time
Never published, his work
effectively lost until the 20th cent
Much of his work is owned
by the Queen of England
Life ProcessesMetabolism (chem. process)
Catabolism – molecular decomposition
Anabolism – synthesis of molecules
Ingestion (food intake)
Digestion (decomp nutrient molecules)
Absorption (osmosis /diffusion)
Assimilation (nutrients form other needed substances)
Life ProcessesRespiration (energy release)
Excitability (respond to environment)
Conductivity (carry/transmit effects of stimuli (i.e. nerve signal transduction))
Growth (increase no. of cells)
Differentiation (stem cells specialize)
Reproduction (new cells or new organisms form)
HomeostasisMaintenance of a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
Internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis
HomeostasisDisruption to a controlled condition (i.e. blood glucose level) stimulates a feedback system.
Feedback system composed ofReceptor
Control center
Effector
Nervous and Endocrine systems work to maintain homeostasis // controlled conditions
Feedback systemsNegative feedback system
Reverses a change in a controlled system
Positive feedback system
Reinforces change in a controlled condition
Homeostasis mostly relies on neg feedback
Disease is failure of homeostatic control.
Negative feedback
Positive Feedback
Anatomical Position
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body
Directional Terms
Directional Terms
Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively
Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body
Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure
Directional Terms
Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body
Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface
Directional Terms
Ipsilateral and contralateral – on the same and opposite side of the body from another structure, respectively.
Regional Terms: Anterior View
Axial – head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular – appendages or limbs
Specific regional terminology
Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
Body PlanesSagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline
Parasagittal – sagittal plane that does not lie along the midline
Body Planes
Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Oblique section – cuts made diagonally
Body Planes
Body CavitiesDorsal cavity contains the central nervous system, has two subdivisions:
Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain
Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions:
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities
Body CavitiesThoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
Pleural cavities – each houses a lung
Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs(thymus gland, esophagus, trachea, bronchi and large blood vessels)
Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart
Body CavitiesThe Abdominopelvic cavity is inferior to the thoracic cavity; separated by diaphragm
Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, sm. intestine, most of lg. intestine, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, cecum, appendix, sigmoid colon and rectum
Cavity Membranes
Serous membranes of the pleural cavity
Visceral pleura line surface of lungs
Parietal pleura line the chest wall
Serous membranes of the pericardial cavity
Visceral pericardium covers the heart
Parietal pericardium lines chest wall
Serous membranes of the abdominal cavityVisceral / Parietal peritoneum
Serous fluid separates the serosae
Other Body CavitiesOral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose
Orbital – house the eyes
Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
Synovial – joint cavities
Abdominopelvic Cavity RegionsUmbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac or inguinal
Right and left lumbar
Right and left hypochondriac
Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b
Medical ImagingAllows for visualization of structures inside the body. Helpful for diagnosis of disorders
Radiography (x-ray)
Computerized tomography (CT)
Digital subtraction angiography
Sonography
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Positron emission tomography (PET)