Post on 14-Jun-2020
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An Introduction to Anatomy
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Jason LaPres
North Harris College
Houston, Texas
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Introduction
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
All specific functions are performed by
specific structures.
Structure, therefore, determines function.
Microscopic Anatomy
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Microscopic anatomy is defined as structures
that cannot be seen without magnification.
Microscopic anatomy is limited by the
equipment used.
Light microscope
Electron microscope
Cytology—study of cells
Histology—study of tissues
Microscopic Anatomy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.1 The Study of Anatomy at Different Scales
Gross Anatomy
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Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) is the study of structures visible to the unaided eye.
Surface anatomy refers to the general form, or
morphology, and superficial anatomical
markings.
Regional anatomy considers all structures in a
specific area of the body, whether they are
superficial or deep.
Systemic anatomy is the study of anatomy one
organ system at a time.
Other Perspectives on Anatomy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Developmental anatomy—examines structural
changes over time
Embryology—study of the first two months of
development
Comparative anatomy—considers different types of
animals
Clinical anatomy—focuses on pathological changes
during illness.
Other Perspectives on Anatomy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Surgical anatomy—studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures
Radiographic anatomy—involves the study of anatomical structures as they are visualized by x-rays, ultrasound scans, or other specialized procedures performed on an intact body
Cross-sectional anatomy—uses graphs from radiographic techniques like CT and MRI scans to look at cross sections of the body
Other Perspectives on Anatomy
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Figure 1.2a Comparative Anatomy
Other Perspectives on Anatomy
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Figure 1.2b,c Comparative Anatomy
Levels of Organization
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Chemical/Molecular
12+ elements in the body
4 of them make up 99% of the body:Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
Major classes of compounds: Water
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Levels of Organization
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Organization
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Cells are the smallest living units in the body.
Tissues are many cells and some surrounding material.
Organs are combinations of tissues.
Organs combine to form organ systems.
The human is composed of 11 organ systems.
Levels of Organization
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Organization
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The movie reviews the levels of organization
from high to low.
Levels of Organization
An Introduction to Organ Systems
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Responsiveness (irritability) is a change activity based upon a stimulus.
Adaptability is long-term responsiveness.
Growth is the increase in size of an organism.
Differentiation is becoming specialized to perform particular functions.
Reproduction is the production of new generations of the same organism.
Movement is the ability to change the position of something.
An Introduction to Organ Systems
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions in the body.
Anabolism is the bonding of chemicals together.
Catabolism is the breaking of chemical bonds.
Absorption is the process of bringing chemicals into the body.
Respiration is the absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells.
Excretion is the removal of wastes.
Digestion is the processes of catabolism that makes nutrients small enough to be absorbed.
An Introduction to Organ Systems
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Introduction to Organ Systems
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Introduction to Organ Systems
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Introduction to Organ Systems
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Introduction to Organ Systems
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Introduction to Organ Systems
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Introduction to Organ Systems
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Introduction to Organ Systems
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Introduction to Organ Systems
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The movie reviews the 11 organ systems.
Organ Systems
The Language of Anatomy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Superficial Anatomy—anatomical landmarks and
correct directional terms help in understanding the
underlying structures.
Anatomical landmarks
Anatomical position is standing upright, arms at sides,
palms facing forward (little fingers by the thigh), feet flat
on the floor, face straight ahead.
Supine is lying down with the face up.
Prone is lying down with the face down.
The Language of Anatomy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks
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The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1.8b Anatomical LandmarksCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Language of Anatomy
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Figure 1.9a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
The Language of Anatomy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.9b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
The Language of Anatomy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.9c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
The Language of Anatomy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.10 Directional References
The Language of Anatomy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Language of Anatomy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Language of Anatomy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Sectional Anatomy
A way to illustrate relationships between parts of three-
dimensional objects
The development of electronic imaging techniques allows
us to see inside the living body without surgery
Planes and sections
Body cavities
The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1.11 Planes of Section
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Language of Anatomy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.12 Sectional Planes and Visualization
The Language of Anatomy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Language of Anatomy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Sectional Anatomy
Body cavities:
Organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems are housed in the ventral body cavity.
The diaphragm separates the ventral body cavity.
The ventral body cavity is protected and lubricated by a two-layer membrane system called serous membranes.
Body Cavities
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Body Cavities
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.14 The Ventral Body Cavity
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