HUMAN ANATOMY LECTURE ONE BODY OVERVIEW. ANATOMY TOPICS Gross or macroscopic: structures examined...
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Transcript of HUMAN ANATOMY LECTURE ONE BODY OVERVIEW. ANATOMY TOPICS Gross or macroscopic: structures examined...
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HUMAN ANATOMY
LECTURE ONE
BODY OVERVIEW
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ANATOMY TOPICS• Gross or macroscopic: structures examined
without a microscope- Regional: studied by area
- Systemic: studied by system
- Surface: external form and relation to deeper
structures – use of anatomical imaging
- Developmental: changes from conception to maturity
• Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope
- Cytology: cellular anatomy
- Histology: study of tissues
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Anatomical Imaging Techniques
• Radiography - shadowy negative images of internal body structures
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• Computed Tomography (CT Scan) - computer-analyzed composite of radiograph: shows slices of the body
• Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR) - 3-D version of CT using multiple slices
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• Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) – comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel studies.
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• Ultrasound (US) – computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body.
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• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues.
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• Positive Emission Tomography (PET) – uses radioactively-labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells.
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PHYSIOLOGY TOPICS• Study of processes and functions of living things
1. Understanding and predicting the body’s responses to stimuli
2. Understanding how the body maintain conditions within a changing environment
Divided into:
- Human Physiology: entire person
- Cellular Physiology: cellular processes
- Systemic Physiology: processes of an entire body
system
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AREAS ENCOMPASSING ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
• Pathology: structural and functional changes
caused by disease• Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and
function caused by exercise
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STRUCTURAL AND FUNTIONAL HEIRARCHY
• Chemical: interactions of atoms• Organelle: performs functions within the cell• Cell: functional unit of life• Tissue: groups of cells with similar structure and
function, also surrounding extracellular material• Organs: two or more tissues performing common
functions• Organ System: groups of organs acting together
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ORGAN SYSTEMS
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MAPPING THE BODY
Anatomical Positions Facing you (palms up, flat feet)
superior vs inferior
anterior vs posterior
ventral vs dorsal
medial vs lateral
proximal vs distal
superficial vs deep tissue
partiel vs visceral
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Anatomical PlanesImaginary lines drawn through
the body
Transverse/cross section – separates top and bottom halves
Frontal/coronal section – separates front and back
Sagittal section – separates left and right
Midsagittal section - directly through middle of body
Medial Section - separating an organ in half
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Body Quadrants
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Body Cavities
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Serous Membranes - line trunk cavities and cover organs within these cavities
• thin, double layer of epithelial and connective tissue
• allows organs to expand and move without friction/damage
• composed of visceral and parietal serosa in continuous sheet
Visceral Serosa - serous membrane covering organ
Parietal Serosa – serous membrane attached to cavity wall
Serous Cavity – fluid filled space in between membranes
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Named according to their location:
• Pleura Visceral Pleura – lung
Parietal Pleura – pleural cavity wall
Pleural Cavity – pleural fluid
• Pericardium
Visceral Pericardium - heart
Parietal Pericardium – pericardial cavity
Pericardial Cavity – pericardial fluid
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• Peritoneal
Visceral Peritoneum - organs of abdominopelvic region
Parietal Peritoneum – wall of abdominopelvic cavity
* referred to as MESENTARY
* organs lying between abdominal wall and parietal membrane are called RETROPERITONEAL
(kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas)