An informal introduction to the Brazilian science system

Instituto de Física Teórica - UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil

The Brazilian Science System

An informal introduction to

Roberto KraenkelIFT-UNESPkraenkel@ift.unesp.br

Generalities about the Country

Population: 190.000.000

Population: 190.000.000Area: 8.514.876,599 km2

Capital: Brasília

Capital: BrasíliaLargest City: São Paulo (11.000.000)

GDP (PPP):US$ 1,9 trillion (8th)

GDP (PPP):US$ 1,9 trillion (8th)GDP (PPP) per capita: US$ 10.000

(64th)

(64th)Currency: Real (R$)

Language: Portuguese

Independency: 1822

Independency: 1822Republic: 1889

Present Constitution: 1988

Timeline of scientific institutions

Timeline of scientific institutionswith some bias towards physics and math...

Agronomical Institute in Campinas

with some bias towards physics and math...

Polytechnic Institute/SP (later incorporated by USP)

Butantan Institute

Oswaldo Cruz Institute

Butantan Institute

School of Medicine/SP ( later incorporated by USP)

Butantan Institute

Academy of Sciences

Butantan Institute

Academy of Sciences

University of Brazil (now Fed. Univ. Rio de Janeiro)

Butantan Institute

Academy of Sciences

Biological Institute/SP

Butantan Institute

Academy of Sciences

University of São Paulo USP

Butantan Institute

Academy of Sciences

Butantan Institute

Academy of Sciences

Society for the

Advancement of Science

Butantan Institute

Academy of Sciences

Univ. Pernambuco

Society for the

Advancement of Science

Brazilian Center for

Physics (Rio) CBPF

National Research Council - CNPq

Physics (Rio) CBPF

CAPES Graduate Studies Agency

Physics (Rio) CBPF

Institute for Theoretical

Physics SP (IFT)

Physics (Rio) CBPF

Physics SP (IFT)

Institute for Pure and Applied Math (Rio) IMPA

Physics (Rio) CBPF

Physics SP (IFT)

Institute for Amazonian

Studies (Manaus) INPA

Physics (Rio) CBPF

Physics SP (IFT)

Physics (Rio) CBPF

Physics SP (IFT)

Cenpes - Petroleum Institute of Petrobras

Physics (Rio) CBPF

Physics SP (IFT)

Comission for Nuclear Energy CNEN

Physics (Rio) CBPF

Physics SP (IFT)

1956 1961

Space and Atmosphere

Institute INPE ( São José dos

Campos)

Physics (Rio) CBPF

Physics SP (IFT)

1956 1961

Campos)

Science Funding Agency of the State

of São Paulo - FAPESP

Physics (Rio) CBPF

Physics SP (IFT)

1956 1961

Campos)

Campinas University Unicamp

Physics (Rio) CBPF

Physics SP (IFT)

1956 1961

Campos)

Campinas University Unicamp

FINEP Long-term projects,

now mainly turned to innovation

EMBRAPA . Federal Research

Institute for Agriculture

Scientific Computing

Institute LNCC

FAPERJ - Science Funding Agency of Rio de

Janeiro

Institute LNCC

Janeiro

Ministry of Science and Technology

Institute LNCC

Janeiro

1985 1986

FAPEMIG Science Funding Agency of Minas

Institute LNCC

Janeiro

1985 1986

FACEPE- Science Funding Agency of

Pernambuco

Institute LNCC

Janeiro

1985 1986

Pernambuco

Syncrotron Facility - LNLS

Institute LNCC

Janeiro

1985 1986

Pernambuco

“Fundos Setoriais”

Institute LNCC

Janeiro

1985 1986

Pernambuco

UFABC Technological University in

the SP Metropolitan

Institute LNCC

Janeiro

1985 1986

Pernambuco

the SP Metropolitan

10 new federal Universities

Institute LNCC

Janeiro

1985 1986

Pernambuco

the SP Metropolitan

10 new federal Universities

2006 2009

CTBE - Biotech Ethanol Institute

in Campinas

Where is science produced in Brazil?

Geographically

Institutions

Universities

Institutions

Universities

‣Federal Universities

Institutions

Universities

‣State Universities ==>> mainly São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná

Institutions

Universities

‣Confessional Universities

Institutions

Universities

‣Confessional Universities PUC’ ==> catholic Universities

Institutions

Universities

Institutions

Universities

‣Private Universities

Institutions

Universities

‣Private Universitiesvery few...

Institutions

Universities

Research Labs

Institutions

Universities

Research Labs‣Institutes related to Science Ministry: 20

Institutions

Universities

‣Agriculture Ministry: EMBRAPA

Institutions

Universities

‣Health Ministry: FIOCRUZ

Institutions

Universities

‣State Labs: Butantan, Agronomical Inst.... ( essentially SP)

Institutions

Universities

‣State run enterprises: PETROBRAS

Institutions

Universities

The weak link: very few research in industry.

Institutions

Universities

Recently: biotech star-ups, optics, ethanol

Institutions

Universities

Recently: biotech star-ups, optics, ethanol

Aerospace industry

How science is funded I

Federal Funding

through agencies

Federal Funding

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES

Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES

CNPq funds projects in general + fellowships

Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES

FINEP funds large projects in strategic areas

Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES

basic and applied science

Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES

basic and applied science

innovation, technology

Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES

Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES

CAPES funds graduate studies through

fellowships and money for the graduate

studies coordinations at the Universities

Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES

CAPES funds graduate studies through

fellowships and money for the graduate

studies coordinations at the Universities

All areas of knowledge

How science is funded II

Funding from States

through agencies

Funding from States

FAPESP in São Paulo is the

most important

through agencies

Funding from States

most important

through agencies

FAPESP funds general science through

projects by researchers.

Funding from States

most important

through agencies

FAPESP funds general science through

projects by researchers.

It also induces strategic areas and projects ( e.g.

genoma, ethanol).

How science is funded III

Industry/Venture Capital....

the weak link....

Large EnterprisesPETROBRAS

the weak link....

Large EnterprisesPETROBRAS

Venture Capital in Small Biotech / SP

CASE I: FAPESP

Science Funding Agency of the State of São Paulo

CASE I: FAPESP

Fosters Science through:

CASE I: FAPESP

•fellowships

CASE I: FAPESP

•fellowships•research projects

CASE I: FAPESP

Funds for FAPESP are fixed by State Constitution ( 1% of tax income);

CASE I: FAPESP

Maximum of 5% can be used by with its own administration;

CASE I: FAPESP

Board with 12 members with 6 years mandate

CASE I: FAPESP

No fellowships or grant is aprooved without peer review

CASE I: FAPESP

Thematic committees meet once a weak;

CASE I: FAPESP

Studentships cannot be cumulated with jobs

CASE I: FAPESP

Master (24 months) and PhD (48 months)

fellowships

CASE I: FAPESP

fellowships

Research grants

CASE I: FAPESP

fellowships

Research grants

Conference Organization Funds

CASE I: FAPESP

fellowships

Research grants

Invited Professorships

CASE I: FAPESP

fellowships

Research grants

Invited Professorships

Post-Doc fellowships

CASE II: CAPES

Federal Agency for Graduate Studies

CASE II: CAPES

•Depends on the Ministry for Education;

CASE II: CAPES

•Master and PhD fellowships nationwide (~40.000);

CASE II: CAPES

•National Subscription of Scientific Periodicals ( Portal Periódicos, ) : 15.000 journals, electronic access; webofscience, etc

CASE II: CAPES

•Evaluation of Graduate Programs (~2500) ;

CASE II: CAPES

•Studentships ==> no jobs, 6 months TA

CASE II: CAPES

Evaluation:

CASE II: CAPES

Evaluation:•evaluation is of Graduate

Programs

CASE II: CAPES

Programs

•46 thematic areas

CASE II: CAPES

Programs

•grades from 1 to 7

CASE II: CAPES

Programs

•1 and 2 >>> program

closes...

CASE II: CAPES

Programs

closes...

•6 and 7>>> international

level, access to special

funding

CASE II: CAPES

Programs

closes...

funding

Evaluation

CASE II: CAPES

Programs

closes...

funding

Evaluation•annual reports

( electronically)

CASE II: CAPES

Programs

closes...

funding

( electronically)

•grades every 3 years

CASE II: CAPES

Programs

closes...

funding

( electronically)

•academic productivity in journals, classified by area in A1, A2, B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,C grades

CASE II: CAPES

Programs

closes...

funding

( electronically)

Periodicals

CASE II: CAPES

Programs

closes...

funding

( electronically)

Periodicals•15000 titles;

CASE II: CAPES

Programs

closes...

funding

( electronically)

•every University with a graduate program can have access to all, through IP identification;

CASE II: CAPES

Programs

closes...

funding

( electronically)

•fosters multidisciplinarity

CASE II: CAPES

Programs

closes...

funding

( electronically)

•fosters multidisciplinarity

•enormous effect on less developed regions

CASE III: IMPA

•National Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics, established in 1952.

CASE III: IMPA

•History: small but very brilliant initial group

CASE III: IMPA

•Very strict conditions for hiring

CASE III: IMPA

•Only research and graduate studies

CASE III: IMPA

•Organizes the Brazilian Math Meeting

CASE III: IMPA

•Close ties to international centers

CASE III: IMPA

•Associate center with CNRS ( Unité

Internationale)•National Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics, established in 1952.

CASE III: IMPA

Internationale)

•Coordinates large projects

CASE III: IMPA

Internationale)

•Coordinates large projects

•Pure and Applied

CASE IV: EMBRAPA

The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation's mission is to provide feasible solutions for the sustainable development of Brazilian a g r i b u s i n e s s t h r o u g h knowledge and technology generation and transfer.

CASE IV: EMBRAPA

•Established in 1973

CASE IV: EMBRAPA

•Multi-center: 15 product oriented centers,

10 basic science centers, 14 regional centers,

3 labs in Brasília, 3 International Research

Units ( Ghana, Panama and Venezuela), 4

International Bussiness Offices ( USA, France,

Holland, Korea).

CASE IV: EMBRAPA

Holland, Korea).

•Dedicated to development of solutions

for real life problems in agriculture

CASE IV: EMBRAPA

Holland, Korea).

•Incorporation of the tropical savanna

( Cerrado) into productive agrobusiness

•Adaptation of soya to Brazilian climate

==> world second largest producer

•Fivefold multiplication of cattle in 25

•Chicken production multiplied by 25 in 25

CASE IV: EMBRAPA

Holland, Korea).

CASE IV: EMBRAPA

Holland, Korea).

Big Projects

Some big national projects have been drivers of technological progress, with

feedback on basic science.

Big Projects

The ethanol program in the 70’s as response to petroleum crisis

Big Projects

Drilling oil from depths over 5000m in the sea

Big Projects

Making the savanna arable

Big Projects

Geoprocessing images and building models for Amazonia

Big Projects

Vaccine development for tropical diseases

Big Projects

Vaccine development for tropical diseases

Building mid-sized planes

The failures

German-Brazilian Nuclear Agreement 1975

The failures

German-Brazilian Nuclear Agreement 197510-reactors/ only 2 delivered/ no knowledge transfer

The failures

The National Information Technology Policy 1984-1991

The failures

The National Information Technology Policy 1984-1991

Import prohibition for micro-computers ==> no microelectronics, no software industry, drawbacks for

other industries

Final Comments

Support to science should not only a governmental policy, but a STATE policy,

Final Comments

Science & Technology need a multifold system: universities, research institutions, funding agencies,

industries, scientific societies,

Final Comments

Developing countries need to work out technologies & science by their own.

Final Comments

Developing countries need to work out technologies & science by their own.

Science has to be involved with the big problems the country faces AND has to offer realistic, economically

viable solutions.

kraenkel@ift.unesp.br

Roberto KraenkelIFT-UNESP

Thank you for your attention

CAPES: http://www.capes.gov.brCNPq: http://www.cnpq.br

FAPESP: http://www.fapesp.br

Physics in Brazil by C.H. Brito Cruz

Brazilian Agency for Graduate Education, by J.A. Guimarães

http://web.me.com/kraenkel/cameroun

kraenkel@ift.unesp.br

Roberto KraenkelIFT-UNESP

Thank you for your attention

CAPES: http://www.capes.gov.brCNPq: http://www.cnpq.br

FAPESP: http://www.fapesp.br

Physics in Brazil by C.H. Brito Cruz

Brazilian Agency for Graduate Education, by J.A. Guimarães

http://web.me.com/kraenkel/cameroun

Numbers: Science in Brazil

Brazilian Science in Numbers

SOURCE: Thompson National Science Database

SOURCE:J.A. Guimarães (CAPES), Thompson

total number

of papers

and world share

relative importance

of areas,

Glänzel et alli, Scientometrics, 67

(2006) 67

Money Matters

S&T investments in terms of GDP

as of 2006, by RYCYT ( http://www.ricyt.org/ )

Money Matters

Total estimated expenses in Science, Technology and

Innovation for 2010

1,5% of GDP

An informal introduction to the Brazilian science system

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