An informal introduction to the Brazilian science system

Instituto de Física Teórica - UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil

The Brazilian Science System

An informal introduction to

Roberto [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



Generalities about the Country



Population: 190.000.000



Population: 190.000.000Area: 8.514.876,599 km2




Capital: Brasília




Capital: BrasíliaLargest City: São Paulo (11.000.000)





GDP (PPP):US$ 1,9 trillion (8th)





GDP (PPP):US$ 1,9 trillion (8th)GDP (PPP) per capita: US$ 10.000

(64th)






(64th)Currency: Real (R$)







Language: Portuguese








Independency: 1822








Independency: 1822Republic: 1889








Independency: 1822Republic: 1889

Present Constitution: 1988


Timeline of scientific institutions


Timeline of scientific institutionswith some bias towards physics and math...



1887

Agronomical Institute in Campinas

with some bias towards physics and math...



1887


1893

Polytechnic Institute/SP (later incorporated by USP)




1887


1901

Butantan Institute

1893





1887


1901

Butantan Institute

1908

Oswaldo Cruz Institute

1893





1887


1901

Butantan Institute

1908


1893


School of Medicine/SP ( later incorporated by USP)


1912



1887


1901

Butantan Institute

1908


1916

Academy of Sciences

1893




1912



1887


1901

Butantan Institute

1908


1916

Academy of Sciences

1920

University of Brazil (now Fed. Univ. Rio de Janeiro)

1893




1912



1887


1901

Butantan Institute

1908


1916

Academy of Sciences

1920


1927

Biological Institute/SP

1893




1912



1887


1901

Butantan Institute

1908


1916

Academy of Sciences

1920


1927


1893



1934

University of São Paulo USP


1912



1887


1901

Butantan Institute

1908


1916

Academy of Sciences

1920


1927


1893



1934


1946


1912



1887


1901

Butantan Institute

1908


1916

Academy of Sciences

1920


1927


1893



1934


1946


1912

Society for the

Advancement of Science



1887


1901

Butantan Institute

1908


1916

Academy of Sciences

1920


1927


1893



1934


1946


1912

Univ. Pernambuco

Society for the

Advancement of Science



1949

Brazilian Center for

Physics (Rio) CBPF



1949


Physics (Rio) CBPF

1951



1949


Physics (Rio) CBPF

1951

National Research Council - CNPq



1949


Physics (Rio) CBPF

1951


CAPES Graduate Studies Agency



1949


Physics (Rio) CBPF

1951


1952




1949


Physics (Rio) CBPF

1951


1952

Institute for Theoretical

Physics SP (IFT)




1949


Physics (Rio) CBPF

1951


1952


Physics SP (IFT)

Institute for Pure and Applied Math (Rio) IMPA




1949


Physics (Rio) CBPF

1951


1952


Physics SP (IFT)


Institute for Amazonian

Studies (Manaus) INPA




1949


Physics (Rio) CBPF

1951


1952


Physics SP (IFT)





1955



1949


Physics (Rio) CBPF

1951


1952


Physics SP (IFT)





1955

Cenpes - Petroleum Institute of Petrobras



1949


Physics (Rio) CBPF

1951


1952


Physics SP (IFT)




Comission for Nuclear Energy CNEN

1956


1955




1949


Physics (Rio) CBPF

1951


1952


Physics SP (IFT)





1956 1961

Space and Atmosphere

Institute INPE ( São José dos

Campos)


1955




1949


Physics (Rio) CBPF

1951


1952


Physics SP (IFT)





1956 1961



Campos)

1962

Science Funding Agency of the State

of São Paulo - FAPESP


1955




1949


Physics (Rio) CBPF

1951


1952


Physics SP (IFT)





1956 1961



Campos)

1962



1966

Campinas University Unicamp


1955




1949


Physics (Rio) CBPF

1951


1952


Physics SP (IFT)





1956 1961



Campos)

1962



1966

Campinas University Unicamp


1967

FINEP Long-term projects,

now mainly turned to innovation

1955




1973

EMBRAPA . Federal Research

Institute for Agriculture



1973



1980



1973



1980

Scientific Computing

Institute LNCC



1973



1980


Institute LNCC

FAPERJ - Science Funding Agency of Rio de

Janeiro



1973



1980


Institute LNCC


Janeiro

Ministry of Science and Technology

1985



1973



1980


Institute LNCC


Janeiro


1985 1986

FAPEMIG Science Funding Agency of Minas



1973



1980


Institute LNCC


Janeiro


1985 1986


1991

FACEPE- Science Funding Agency of

Pernambuco



1973



1980


Institute LNCC


Janeiro


1985 1986


1991


Pernambuco

1997

Syncrotron Facility - LNLS



1973



1980


Institute LNCC


Janeiro


1985 1986


1991


Pernambuco

1997


1999

“Fundos Setoriais”



1973



1980


Institute LNCC


Janeiro


1985 1986


1991


Pernambuco

1997


1999


2005

UFABC Technological University in

the SP Metropolitan

Area



1973



1980


Institute LNCC


Janeiro


1985 1986


1991


Pernambuco

1997


1999


2005


the SP Metropolitan

Area

10 new federal Universities

2006



1973



1980


Institute LNCC


Janeiro


1985 1986


1991


Pernambuco

1997


1999


2005


the SP Metropolitan

Area

10 new federal Universities

2006 2009

CTBE - Biotech Ethanol Institute

in Campinas


Where is science produced in Brazil?



Geographically



Institutions



Institutions

Universities



Institutions

Universities

‣Federal Universities



Institutions

Universities


‣State Universities ==>> mainly São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná



Institutions

Universities



‣Confessional Universities



Institutions

Universities



‣Confessional Universities PUC’ ==> catholic Universities



Institutions

Universities




‣Private Universities



Institutions

Universities




‣Private Universitiesvery few...



Institutions

Universities





Research Labs



Institutions

Universities





Research Labs‣Institutes related to Science Ministry: 20



Institutions

Universities






‣Agriculture Ministry: EMBRAPA



Institutions

Universities







‣Health Ministry: FIOCRUZ



Institutions

Universities








‣State Labs: Butantan, Agronomical Inst.... ( essentially SP)



Institutions

Universities









‣State run enterprises: PETROBRAS



Institutions

Universities










The weak link: very few research in industry.



Institutions

Universities











Recently: biotech star-ups, optics, ethanol



Institutions

Universities











Recently: biotech star-ups, optics, ethanol

Aerospace industry


How science is funded I



Federal Funding



Federal Funding

through agencies



Federal Funding

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries



Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries



Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

CAPES



Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES



Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES

CNPq funds projects in general + fellowships



Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES


FINEP funds large projects in strategic areas



Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES



basic and applied science



Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES



basic and applied science

innovation, technology



Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES



Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES

CAPES funds graduate studies through

fellowships and money for the graduate

studies coordinations at the Universities



Federal Funding

CNPqFINEP

through agencies

through labs/

Ministries

EMBRAPAFIOCRUZ

CNENInstitutes

MCTCAPES

CAPES funds graduate studies through

fellowships and money for the graduate

studies coordinations at the Universities

All areas of knowledge


How science is funded II



Funding from States



Funding from States

through agencies



Funding from States

FAPESP in São Paulo is the

most important

through agencies



Funding from States


most important

through agencies

FAPESP funds general science through

projects by researchers.



Funding from States


most important

through agencies

FAPESP funds general science through

projects by researchers.

It also induces strategic areas and projects ( e.g.

genoma, ethanol).


How science is funded III



Industry/Venture Capital....




the weak link....




the weak link....

Large EnterprisesPETROBRAS




the weak link....

Large EnterprisesPETROBRAS

Venture Capital in Small Biotech / SP


CASE I: FAPESP


CASE I: FAPESP

Science Funding Agency of the State of São Paulo


CASE I: FAPESP


Fosters Science through:


CASE I: FAPESP



•fellowships


CASE I: FAPESP



•fellowships•research projects


CASE I: FAPESP




Funds for FAPESP are fixed by State Constitution ( 1% of tax income);


CASE I: FAPESP





Maximum of 5% can be used by with its own administration;


CASE I: FAPESP






Board with 12 members with 6 years mandate


CASE I: FAPESP







No fellowships or grant is aprooved without peer review


CASE I: FAPESP








Thematic committees meet once a weak;


CASE I: FAPESP









Studentships cannot be cumulated with jobs


CASE I: FAPESP










Master (24 months) and PhD (48 months)

fellowships


CASE I: FAPESP











fellowships

Research grants


CASE I: FAPESP











fellowships

Research grants

Conference Organization Funds


CASE I: FAPESP











fellowships

Research grants


Invited Professorships


CASE I: FAPESP











fellowships

Research grants


Invited Professorships

Post-Doc fellowships


CASE II: CAPES


CASE II: CAPES

Federal Agency for Graduate Studies


CASE II: CAPES


•Depends on the Ministry for Education;


CASE II: CAPES



•Master and PhD fellowships nationwide (~40.000);


CASE II: CAPES




•National Subscription of Scientific Periodicals ( Portal Periódicos, ) : 15.000 journals, electronic access; webofscience, etc


CASE II: CAPES





•Evaluation of Graduate Programs (~2500) ;


CASE II: CAPES






•Studentships ==> no jobs, 6 months TA


CASE II: CAPES







Evaluation:


CASE II: CAPES







Evaluation:•evaluation is of Graduate

Programs


CASE II: CAPES








Programs

•46 thematic areas


CASE II: CAPES








Programs


•grades from 1 to 7


CASE II: CAPES








Programs



•1 and 2 >>> program

closes...


CASE II: CAPES








Programs




closes...

•6 and 7>>> international

level, access to special

funding


CASE II: CAPES








Programs




closes...



funding

Evaluation


CASE II: CAPES








Programs




closes...



funding

Evaluation•annual reports

( electronically)


CASE II: CAPES








Programs




closes...



funding


( electronically)

•grades every 3 years


CASE II: CAPES








Programs




closes...



funding


( electronically)


•academic productivity in journals, classified by area in A1, A2, B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,C grades


CASE II: CAPES








Programs




closes...



funding


( electronically)



Periodicals


CASE II: CAPES








Programs




closes...



funding


( electronically)



Periodicals•15000 titles;


CASE II: CAPES








Programs




closes...



funding


( electronically)




•every University with a graduate program can have access to all, through IP identification;


CASE II: CAPES








Programs




closes...



funding


( electronically)





•fosters multidisciplinarity


CASE II: CAPES








Programs




closes...



funding


( electronically)





•fosters multidisciplinarity

•enormous effect on less developed regions


CASE III: IMPA


CASE III: IMPA

•National Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics, established in 1952.


CASE III: IMPA

•History: small but very brilliant initial group



CASE III: IMPA


•Very strict conditions for hiring



CASE III: IMPA



•Only research and graduate studies



CASE III: IMPA




•Organizes the Brazilian Math Meeting



CASE III: IMPA





•Close ties to international centers



CASE III: IMPA






•Associate center with CNRS ( Unité

Internationale)•National Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics, established in 1952.


CASE III: IMPA







Internationale)

•Coordinates large projects



CASE III: IMPA







Internationale)

•Coordinates large projects

•Pure and Applied



CASE IV: EMBRAPA


CASE IV: EMBRAPA

The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation's mission is to provide feasible solutions for the sustainable development of Brazilian a g r i b u s i n e s s t h r o u g h knowledge and technology generation and transfer.


CASE IV: EMBRAPA


•Established in 1973


CASE IV: EMBRAPA



•Multi-center: 15 product oriented centers,

10 basic science centers, 14 regional centers,

3 labs in Brasília, 3 International Research

Units ( Ghana, Panama and Venezuela), 4

International Bussiness Offices ( USA, France,

Holland, Korea).


CASE IV: EMBRAPA








Holland, Korea).

•Dedicated to development of solutions

for real life problems in agriculture


CASE IV: EMBRAPA








Holland, Korea).

•Dedicated to development of solutions

for real life problems in agriculture

•Incorporation of the tropical savanna

( Cerrado) into productive agrobusiness

•Adaptation of soya to Brazilian climate

==> world second largest producer

•Fivefold multiplication of cattle in 25

years

•Chicken production multiplied by 25 in 25

years


Big Projects


Big Projects

Some big national projects have been drivers of technological progress, with

feedback on basic science.


Big Projects



The ethanol program in the 70’s as response to petroleum crisis


Big Projects




Drilling oil from depths over 5000m in the sea


Big Projects





Making the savanna arable


Big Projects






Geoprocessing images and building models for Amazonia


Big Projects







Vaccine development for tropical diseases


Big Projects







Vaccine development for tropical diseases

Building mid-sized planes


The failures


The failures

German-Brazilian Nuclear Agreement 1975


The failures

German-Brazilian Nuclear Agreement 197510-reactors/ only 2 delivered/ no knowledge transfer


The failures


The National Information Technology Policy 1984-1991


The failures


The National Information Technology Policy 1984-1991

Import prohibition for micro-computers ==> no microelectronics, no software industry, drawbacks for

other industries


Final Comments


Final Comments

Support to science should not only a governmental policy, but a STATE policy,


Final Comments


Science & Technology need a multifold system: universities, research institutions, funding agencies,

industries, scientific societies,


Final Comments




Developing countries need to work out technologies & science by their own.


Final Comments




Developing countries need to work out technologies & science by their own.

Science has to be involved with the big problems the country faces AND has to offer realistic, economically

viable solutions.


[email protected]

Roberto KraenkelIFT-UNESP

Thank you for your attention

CAPES: http://www.capes.gov.brCNPq: http://www.cnpq.br

FAPESP: http://www.fapesp.br

Physics in Brazil by C.H. Brito Cruz

Brazilian Agency for Graduate Education, by J.A. Guimarães

http://web.me.com/kraenkel/cameroun



http://www.capes.gov.br

http://www.capes.gov.br

http://www.cnpq.br

http://www.cnpq.br

http://www.fapesp.br

http://www.fapesp.br

http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~brito/artigos/Physics%2520in%2520Brazil.pdf

http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~brito/artigos/Physics%2520in%2520Brazil.pdf

http://www.ianas.org/presentations.../04.GuimaraesCAPES,%2520Brazil.pp







Numbers: Science in Brazil


Brazilian Science in Numbers


SOURCE: Thompson National Science Database




SOURCE:J.A. Guimarães (CAPES), Thompson




total number

of papers

and world share




relative importance

of areas,

Glänzel et alli, Scientometrics, 67

(2006) 67


Money Matters


Money Matters

S&T investments in terms of GDP

as of 2006, by RYCYT ( http://www.ricyt.org/ )

http://www.ricyt.org

http://www.ricyt.org


Money Matters

Total estimated expenses in Science, Technology and

Innovation for 2010

1,5% of GDP

An informal introduction to the Brazilian science system

Education

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