ADDIE: Design & Development

Nancy H. DewaldPennsylvania State University

Berks CampusJune 24, 2005

Characteristics of Instructional Design

• Is learner-centered• Is goal-oriented• Focuses on real-world performance• Focuses on outcomes that can be

measured in a reliable and valid way• Is empirical• Typically is a team effort

– Gustafson, K.L. & Branch, R.M. (2002) What is instructional design? In Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology, R.A. Reiser and J.V. Dempsey, eds.

ADDIE

• Analysis• Design• Development• Implementation• Evaluation

• Iterative, not linear

Design

1. Write instructional objectives2. Identify type of content to be learned3. Select instructional strategies

according to the content type4. Select media

Writing Instructional Objectives• Objectives indicate what learner is expected

to know or do after instruction• Objective Domains:

Cognitive – Affective -- Psychomotor• Objectives:

– Preferably are observable or measurable – Have action verb & content– May include performance standard and/or

conditions

Classify Learning as to TypeBloom et al. (1956)• Cognitive domain

– Knowledge– Comprehension– Application– Analysis– Synthesis– Evaluation

• Affective domain -- attitudes• Psychomotor domain – motor skills

Web Evaluation Example for Bloom’s Cognitive Domain

• Knowledge: can define “url”, “domain”, “home page”, etc.

• Comprehension: can describe the evaluation criteria

• Application: looks for author information where taught to find it (e.g., About Us)

• Analysis: determines the web site’s purpose and audience

• Synthesis: creates own web evaluation rules after studying others’ criteria

• Evaluation: evaluates web site according to given criteria

Classify Content as to Type

• Fact• Concept• Principles and rules• Procedure• Interpersonal skills• Attitude

Sample objectives• Student will correctly define (verb) the term “url”

(fact)• Students will classify (verb) sources in their

discipline as primary or secondary sources (concept)

• Student will correctly write (verb) search statements following the rule for nesting with AND and OR (rule)

• Student will correctly cite (verb) journal articles in APA format (procedure)

Content Sequencing

• Teach prerequisite skills first• Move from familiar to unfamiliar• Teach less difficult before more difficult• Begin with tasks that create most learner

interest • Ensure learner has reached appropriate

developmental level (or ability level)- Morrison et al.

Instructional StrategiesGenerative strategies: 1. Recall (for learning facts

and lists)

2. Integration strategies

3. Organizational strategies

4. Elaboration Strategies

-- Morrison et al.

Examples:1. Repetition, rehearsal,

review, mnemonics2. Paraphrasing,

generating questions or examples

3. Analyzing key ideas, outlining, categorizing

4. Generating mental images, physical diagrams, sentence elaborations

How to Teach Concepts

• Example: Primary vs. secondary sources• Initial presentation: Definitions and examples.• Integration strategy: ask students to generate

more examples (small groups) OR• Organizational strategy: show sources and

ask students to identify whether primary or secondary

How to Teach Principles or Rules

• Example: Boolean AND/OR• Initial presentation: EG-Rule or Rule-EG

– EG-Rule example: Human database shows effect of rule

– Rule-EG example: Nesting AND/OR• Integration, OR• Organization, OR• Elaboration

How to Teach Procedures

1. Demonstration2. Organization or Elaboration3. Practice

• Example: Citing a journal article in APA format

Instructional StrategiesGenerative strategies: 1. Recall (for learning facts

and lists)

2. Integration strategies

3. Organizational strategies

4. Elaboration Strategies

-- Morrison et al.

Examples:1. Repetition, rehearsal,

review, mnemonics2. Paraphrasing,

generating questions or examples

3. Analyzing key ideas, outlining, categorizing

4. Generating mental images, physical diagrams, sentence elaborations

How to Design Instructional Strategies

1. Review each objective and determine type of content: fact, concept, principle/rule, or procedure

2. Select an initial presentation strategy3. Select a generative strategy: recall,

integration, organization, or elaboration

Designing Instructional Strategies

Specify Media

• Instructor speaking• Chalk board• Printed text (textbooks, worksheets,

visuals, etc.)• Audio/video/multimedia• Computer presentation and/or simulation• Web-based instruction• etc.

Development

• Prepare student & instructor materials, both print & non-print, as specified during design

• Delivery Methods:– Group presentation– Self-paced learning– Small-group interaction activities– Combination

Designing Instructional Strategies

Design & DevelopmentDesign:1. Write instructional

objectives2. Identify type of

content to be learned

3. Select instructional strategies according to the content type

4. Select media

Development:• Prepare student &

instructor materials, both print & non-print, as specified during design