A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC

Fifth Edition

Chapter 7

Floppy Drives

2A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Floppy Drive Subsystem

3A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

How Data Is Physically Stored

on a Floppy Disk

In concentric circles (tracks or cylinders)

Each track is divided into sectors

Each sector holds 512 bytes of data

4A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

How Data Is Physically Stored

on a Floppy Disk

5A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

How Data Is Logically Stored on

a Floppy Disk

Cluster

Smallest logical unit of space allocated to a file

On a 3½-inch high-density floppy disk, one cluster

= one sector (512 bytes)

6A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

How Data Is Logically Stored on

a Floppy Disk

7A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Boot Record

First sector of the disk

Stores basic information about how the disk is

organized

Has a bootstrap loader that can be used to boot

from the disk

8A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

File Allocation Table (FAT)

Lists location of file segments (clusters) on a

disk in a one-column table

Width of each entry in the column is 12 bits

Lists how each cluster on the disk is currently

used

9A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Root Directory Table

Lists all files and subdirectories assigned to

this table

Contains a fixed number of rows to

accommodate a predetermined number of files

and subdirectories

10A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Important Items in the Root

Directory

Filename and extension

Time and date of creation or last update

File attributes

11A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

The Data Cable

12A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Common Error Messages

Non-system disk or disk error. Replace and

strike any key when ready.

No operating system found.

Bad or missing COMMAND.COM

Error in Config.sys line xx

Himem.sys not loaded

Missing or corrupt Himem.sys

A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC

Fifth Edition

Chapter 8

Understanding and Installing

Hard Drives

14A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Hard Drive Subsystem

15A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Types of Hard Drive Interfaces

EIDE (Enhanced IDE) 40/80 pin gray cable

SATA (small red cable for data)

16A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

IDE Cabling Methods

17A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

IDE Cabling Methods (continued)

18A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

IDE Cabling Methods (continued)

19A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Configuring EIDE Drives

EIDE standards support two IDE connections,

a primary and a secondary

Each connection can support up to two IDE

devices for a total of four devices on a system

Primary IDE channel, master device

Primary IDE channel, slave device

Secondary IDE channel, master device

Secondary IDE channel, slave device

20A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Configuring EIDE Drives

(continued)

21A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Other Interface Standards

SCSI (small computer system interface)

USB

IEEE 1394

Fibre Channel

22A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

How Hard Drives Work

23A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

How Hard Drives Work (continued)

24A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Tracks and Sectors on the Drive

25A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Tracks and Sectors on the Drive

(continued)

26A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Low-Level Formatting

Occurs at the factory

Process of writing sector and track markings

on the disk

Expected to last for the life of the drive

27A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Considerations When

Purchasing a Hard DriveCapacity

Spindle speed

Technology standard

Cache or buffer size

Average seek time

Match drive to motherboard

28A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Communicating with the Hard

Drive Controller

29A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Hard Drive Size Limitations

Operating system Maximum size supported

DOS and Windows 9x FAT16 2.1 GB; cannot be used on hard

drives that exceed 8.4 GB

Windows NT/2000/XP FAT16 4 GB

Windows 2000/XP FAT32 32 GB

Windows 9x FAT32 137 GB

Windows 2000/XP with Service

Pack

Larger than 137 GB

30A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

How a Hard Drive Is Logically

Organized to Hold Data

Steps for preparing a hard drive to hold files

Low-level format (usually done at the factory)

Partitioning the hard drive

High-level format

31A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Hard Drive Partitions and

Logical Drives

Active partition

Primary partition

Extended partition

Logical partition

32A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Partitions and Logical Drives

33A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Choice of File Systems

FAT16

Supported by all Windows systems

FAT32 (and VFAT)

Supported by Windows 95 Second Edition,

Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP

NTFS

Supported by Windows NT, Windows 2000,

Windows XP

Each logical drive has its own file system

34A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

When to Partition a Drive

First install a new hard drive

Existing drive is giving errors

Suspect a virus has attacked the drive

Want to wipe a hard drive clean and install a

new OS

35A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Installing a Hard Drive

1. Set jumpers or DIP switches; physically install

drive; attach power cord and data cable

2. Inform CMOS of new drive

3. If installing an OS on the drive, boot from OS setup

CD (and skip next two steps)

4. If drive is not intended to hold an OS, use Fdisk or

Disk Management to create partition(s) and divide

extended partition into logical drives

5. For second drive, use Format command or Disk

Management to high-level format each logical drive

36A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Prepare for Installation

Read documentation

Plan drive configuration

Prepare work area and take precautions

37A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Jumper Settings

38A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Jumper Settings (continued)

39A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Jumper Settings (continued)

40A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Mounting the Drive in the Bay

(continued)

41A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Use CMOS to Change Hard

Drive Settings

42A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive

43A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Format Each Logical Drive

After using Fdisk, you must reboot the PC

before you format the drive

Commands used to format logical drives C, D,

and E:

Format C:/S

Format D:

Format E:

44A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Using Windows to Partition and

Format a New Drive

Boot from Window setup CD

Follow on-screen directions to install Windows on

new drive

The setup process partitions and formats new

drive before it begins Windows installation

45A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Troubleshooting Hard Drive

InstallationsCheck CMOS setup to verify that system BIOS

recognizes large drives

Verify status of Fdisk

Verify that Format C:/S was done

Check configuration of CMOS setup

Confirm setting of DIP switches or jumpers

Check connection of power cord and data cable

Refer to Web site of manufacturer for suggestions

46A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Binary Numbering Systems

2 values (Need by Week 8, Start Week 6)

1,0 in programming

+5v, 0v Logic level on IC Pin

All 1,0 ‘s eventually Hardware represented as software in HEX code

Hard Drives (N/S or S/N alignment)

CD’s pits (Hole, No Hole)

Laser jumps, No Jump

47A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Hex Numbering System

0-15 (Need by Week 8, Start Week 6)

Decimal - Binary – Hex Table

Addresses using 32 bits, 16 bits, 8 bits

Machine Code, HEX code, HEX file

1KB, 1MB, 1GB in binary vs. analog

Digital processing, noise 2 values vs. 10

Base 2: Binary Base 10: Decimal

Digital Analog