A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 5eakali2/ET127/Lecture3.pdfFloppy Drives. A+ Guide to...

A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC

Fifth Edition

Chapter 7

Floppy Drives

2A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

Floppy Drive Subsystem


How Data Is Physically Stored

on a Floppy Disk

In concentric circles (tracks or cylinders)

Each track is divided into sectors

Each sector holds 512 bytes of data


How Data Is Physically Stored

on a Floppy Disk


How Data Is Logically Stored on

a Floppy Disk

Cluster

Smallest logical unit of space allocated to a file

On a 3½-inch high-density floppy disk, one cluster

= one sector (512 bytes)


How Data Is Logically Stored on

a Floppy Disk


Boot Record

First sector of the disk

Stores basic information about how the disk is

organized

Has a bootstrap loader that can be used to boot

from the disk


File Allocation Table (FAT)

Lists location of file segments (clusters) on a

disk in a one-column table

Width of each entry in the column is 12 bits

Lists how each cluster on the disk is currently

used


Root Directory Table

Lists all files and subdirectories assigned to

this table

Contains a fixed number of rows to

accommodate a predetermined number of files

and subdirectories


Important Items in the Root

Directory

Filename and extension

Time and date of creation or last update

File attributes


The Data Cable


Common Error Messages

Non-system disk or disk error. Replace and

strike any key when ready.

No operating system found.

Bad or missing COMMAND.COM

Error in Config.sys line xx

Himem.sys not loaded

Missing or corrupt Himem.sys

A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC

Fifth Edition

Chapter 8

Understanding and Installing

Hard Drives


Hard Drive Subsystem


Types of Hard Drive Interfaces

EIDE (Enhanced IDE) 40/80 pin gray cable

SATA (small red cable for data)


IDE Cabling Methods


IDE Cabling Methods (continued)


Configuring EIDE Drives

EIDE standards support two IDE connections,

a primary and a secondary

Each connection can support up to two IDE

devices for a total of four devices on a system

Primary IDE channel, master device

Primary IDE channel, slave device

Secondary IDE channel, master device

Secondary IDE channel, slave device


Configuring EIDE Drives

(continued)


Other Interface Standards

SCSI (small computer system interface)

USB

IEEE 1394

Fibre Channel


How Hard Drives Work


How Hard Drives Work (continued)


Tracks and Sectors on the Drive


Tracks and Sectors on the Drive

(continued)


Low-Level Formatting

Occurs at the factory

Process of writing sector and track markings

on the disk

Expected to last for the life of the drive


Considerations When

Purchasing a Hard DriveCapacity

Spindle speed

Technology standard

Cache or buffer size

Average seek time

Match drive to motherboard


Communicating with the Hard

Drive Controller


Hard Drive Size Limitations

Operating system Maximum size supported

DOS and Windows 9x FAT16 2.1 GB; cannot be used on hard

drives that exceed 8.4 GB

Windows NT/2000/XP FAT16 4 GB

Windows 2000/XP FAT32 32 GB

Windows 9x FAT32 137 GB

Windows 2000/XP with Service

Pack

Larger than 137 GB


How a Hard Drive Is Logically

Organized to Hold Data

Steps for preparing a hard drive to hold files

Low-level format (usually done at the factory)

Partitioning the hard drive

High-level format


Hard Drive Partitions and

Logical Drives

Active partition

Primary partition

Extended partition

Logical partition


Partitions and Logical Drives


Choice of File Systems

FAT16

Supported by all Windows systems

FAT32 (and VFAT)

Supported by Windows 95 Second Edition,

Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP

NTFS

Supported by Windows NT, Windows 2000,

Windows XP

Each logical drive has its own file system


When to Partition a Drive

First install a new hard drive

Existing drive is giving errors

Suspect a virus has attacked the drive

Want to wipe a hard drive clean and install a

new OS


Installing a Hard Drive

1. Set jumpers or DIP switches; physically install

drive; attach power cord and data cable

2. Inform CMOS of new drive

3. If installing an OS on the drive, boot from OS setup

CD (and skip next two steps)

4. If drive is not intended to hold an OS, use Fdisk or

Disk Management to create partition(s) and divide

extended partition into logical drives

5. For second drive, use Format command or Disk

Management to high-level format each logical drive


Prepare for Installation

Read documentation

Plan drive configuration

Prepare work area and take precautions


Jumper Settings


Jumper Settings (continued)


Mounting the Drive in the Bay

(continued)


Use CMOS to Change Hard

Drive Settings


Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive


Format Each Logical Drive

After using Fdisk, you must reboot the PC

before you format the drive

Commands used to format logical drives C, D,

and E:

Format C:/S

Format D:

Format E:


Using Windows to Partition and

Format a New Drive

Boot from Window setup CD

Follow on-screen directions to install Windows on

new drive

The setup process partitions and formats new

drive before it begins Windows installation


Troubleshooting Hard Drive

InstallationsCheck CMOS setup to verify that system BIOS

recognizes large drives

Verify status of Fdisk

Verify that Format C:/S was done

Check configuration of CMOS setup

Confirm setting of DIP switches or jumpers

Check connection of power cord and data cable

Refer to Web site of manufacturer for suggestions


Binary Numbering Systems

2 values (Need by Week 8, Start Week 6)

1,0 in programming

+5v, 0v Logic level on IC Pin

All 1,0 ‘s eventually Hardware represented as software in HEX code

Hard Drives (N/S or S/N alignment)

CD’s pits (Hole, No Hole)

Laser jumps, No Jump


Hex Numbering System

0-15 (Need by Week 8, Start Week 6)

Decimal - Binary – Hex Table

Addresses using 32 bits, 16 bits, 8 bits

Machine Code, HEX code, HEX file

1KB, 1MB, 1GB in binary vs. analog

Digital processing, noise 2 values vs. 10

Base 2: Binary Base 10: Decimal

Digital Analog

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