©2005 ATLAS Nantes How Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente From Principles to...

From Principles to Implementation:From Principles to Implementation:

Some Lessons Learned in the Some Lessons Learned in the

Building of the AMMA Model Building of the AMMA Model

Engineering PlatformEngineering Platform

Jean Bézivin Jean.Bezivin{noSpamAt}univ-nantes.fr

ATLAS Group (INRIA & LINA),University of Nantes, France

http://www.sciences.univ-nantes.fr/lina/atl/

Model Driven EngineeringModel Driven Engineering

• ScheduleSchedule– Scope & ApplicabilityScope & Applicability– PrinciplesPrinciples– Deployment (AMMA)Deployment (AMMA)

• CreditsCredits– ModelwareModelware– Microsoft Microsoft – IBM IBM – TNITNI– SodifranceSodifrance

Technical Space

Basic entities

System ModelrepOf

System: a group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole.

Model: an abstract representation of a system created for a specific purpose.

Technical Space: a representation system for models and a set of technical solutions to handle them.

The playground

TeachingTeaching

sNets, 1990

UML, 1995

today, AMMA

MOF, 2000

tomorrow

Principles, standards and tools

Model-Driven Engineering (MDE)

MDA™ Model-DrivenArchitecture

EclipseEMFGMF

MIC Model

IntegratedComputing

SoftwareFactories

MicrosoftVisual StudioTeam system

DSL Tools

OtherStandards

OtherTools

Principles

Standards

IBM on MDA : Three complementary ideas

1.Direct representation 2.Automation 3.Standards

Direct representation => multiple languagesDanger of fragmentation

Need coordinationHow to coordinate?

Short answer: metametamodelBut what is a metametamodel?

Agenda

Introduction

• The industrial evolution (OMG MDA™, IBM EMF, Microsoft Software Factories) and the MDE trend

• The need for sound principles (models as first class entities)

• Technical spaces or why MDE is not sufficient. Multiple Technical Spaces inside MDE

The initial move: from Middleware to Modelware

Latest tentative to define MDA

Steve Cook (OOPSLA 2004 panel)

Suggests that MDA proponents fall into the following three camps:

1. The UML PIM camp: MDA involves the use of UML to build Platform Independent Models (PIMs) which are transformed into Platform Specific Models (PSMs) from which code is generated.

2. The MOF camp: MDA does not involve the use of UML, but instead the crucial technology is MOF, and the definition of modelling languages and language transformations using MOF.

3. The Executable UML camp: MDA involves building a UML compiler, making it a first class programming language.

Ref: Steve Cook Blog @: http://blogs.msdn.com/stevecook

MDA in a nutshell : PSM = f(PIM)

U n i v e r s i t é d e N A N T E S

M 1 , M 2 & M 3 s p a c e s

M 1 M 1M 1

- One unique Metametamodel (the MOF) - An important library of compatible Metamodels,each defining a DSL - Each of the models is defined in the language of its unique metamodel

The initial MDA conjecture : PSM = f(PIM)

PIMs(PlatformIndependentModels)

PSMs(PlatformSpecificModels)

MMerging phase

PDMs(PlatformDescriptionModels)

?weaving

PSM branch

PDM branchPIM branch

Two missing links in the OMG architecture

PSM = f(PIM, PDM)or after currying:PSM = fPDM(PIM)

PIM PDM

PSM“numeric” values:PDM = DotNetPDM = EJB

Microsoft Software Factories

• SDK (Team System) released in late 2004– First presentation at OOPSLA, Vancouver, Oct. 2004– See S. Cook, S. Kent, J. Greenfield and K. Short Blogs

• Aims to be closer to a metaCASE tool than Eclipse – (however follow GMF Borland)

• Not UML-based (nor MOF, nor XMI)• Models strongly tied to code

– Reverse engineering/synchronization– Reliance on Microsoft’s platforms (Visual studio)

… Modeling is the future …Bill Gates

MDE@Microsoft

• Microsoft is releasing a suite of tools to make it easy to construct graphical designers hosted in Visual Studio for editing domain specific languages (DSL).

Creating a Petri net DSL

Metamodel: a couple oflogical and visual definitions

Creating a Petri net DSL

Mapping on DotNet standard tools (C#, CLS, CLR, etc.)

We are far from the initial OMG PIM/PSM naive separation

However this is really MDE in 2005

A first attempt to reverse engineer the DSL Metametamodel

Microsoft DSI (Dynamic System Initiative) March 2005

• A system model captures an entire system's composition in terms of all interrelated software and hardware components.

• A system model captures knowledge as prescriptive configurations and best practices, allowing the effects of changes to the system to be tested before the changes are implemented.

• Administrators do not need to operate directly on real-world systems but rather can model changes before committing to them. In this way, “what if” scenarios can be tried without impact to a business.

• A system model becomes the point of coordination and consistency across administrators who have separate but interdependent responsibilities.

System Definition Modelis a language, or a meta-model, that is used to create models of distributed systems. A distributed system is a set of related software or software and hardware resources running on one or more computers that are working together to accomplish a common function

The notion of TS (Technology Space) as a tool for collaboration

• A Technology Space corresponds to:– A uniform representation system

• Syntactic trees • XML trees • Sowa graphs • UML graphs• MOF graphs• Categories• Graph Grammars

– A working context– A set of concepts– A shared knowledge and know

how– etc.

• It is usually related to a given community with an established expertise, know-how and research problems

• It has a set of associated tools and practices, etc.– Protégé, Rational Rose, …

CorbaC++

XMLdocumentware

Ontologies

Graph Theory

MDAModelware

Description logic Prolog

Semantic WEB Grammarware

Abstract Syntax Systems Compared

The UMLmeta-Model

A SpecificUML Model

A Specificphenomenon

corresponding toa UML Model

Pascal LanguageGrammar

A specificPascal Program

A specificexecution

of a Pascal program

Technology #2(MOF + OCL)

Technology #1(formal grammars

attribute grammars,etc.)

A technical space is organized around a set of conceptsTSpaces may be connected via bridgesTSpaces are often similarly organized

Program

Grammar

Schema

Meta-Model

Document

Schema

Ontology

Top Level O.

Syntax XML

DBMS Ontologyengineering

FileFormat

Drawing

Stencil

Meta-Model

ToolFormat

Content

FSMngt XML

Visio InfoPathBut also…

Technical Spaces and Working Contexts

• Technical Spaces– Examples: MDE, MDA, MS/SF, EBNF, XML, DBMS, ontologies, etc. – Conjecture:

• Each TS is represented by a metametamodel • Each TS is organized in a 3 metalevel architecture

• Working contexts– Local

• MM specific – Global

• TS specific, MM independent – Universal

• Across several TSs (extended MIME notation)– Mof1.4/UML/mymodel– MicrosoftDSL/PetriNet/MyNet– ECORE/PetriNet/MyNet– EBNF/Pascal/MyProg– XML/MusicML/MyMusic– M3/M2/M1

Models revisited

• Everything is a model– A -model meaning any specific TSpace– An XML document is an XML-model – A Java source program is a Java-model– An UML model is a MDA-model – etc.

• Each TSpace is rooted in a metametamodel (M3) defining a representation scheme and basic type system.

• Distinguish between intra-space and inter-space operations

Model transformation across Technical Spaces

• There is a need for inter-TS model transformation.

A TS B TS

C TS D TS

Agenda

Applicability

Some examples of transformations

• Classical– UML2Java– UML2RDBMS

• But also tool to tool (more important)– UML Activity Diagrams to MS Project

The KM3 metamodel (simplified)

+name : String

ModelElement

Package

+package 1

+contents

Classifier

DataType

+isAbstract : Boolean

+supertypes

+lower : Integer+upper : Integer+isOrdered : Boolean+isUnique : Boolean

StructuralFeature

Attribute

+isContainer : Boolean

Reference

+opposite

+owner

+structuralFeatures

KM3 definition of the KM3 metamodelpackage KM3 {

abstract class ModelElement extends LocatedElement { attribute name : String; reference "package" : Package oppositeOf contents; }

class Package extends ModelElement { reference contents[*] ordered container : ModelElement oppositeOf "package"; }

class Classifier extends ModelElement {}

class DataType extends Classifier {}

class Class extends Classifier { attribute isAbstract : Boolean; reference supertypes[*] : Class; reference structuralFeatures[*] ordered container : StructuralFeature

oppositeOf owner; }

-- continued on next slide

NOT XMI(Emfatic-like)

Java to Excel Transformation (call graph)

FirstClass.java SecondClasss.java

public class FirstClass {public void fc_m1(){}public void fc_m2(){

this.fc_m1();this.fc_m1();

public class SecondClass {public void sc_m1(){

FirstClass a = new FirstClass();

a.fc_m1();}public void sc_m2(){

this.sc_m1();}

Java and Table Metamodels

JavaSource

NamedElement

ClassDeclaration

MethodDefinition MethodInvocation

+classes*

0..1 +invocations *

+class0..1

+methods*

+method

+content

+rows*

+cells

UMLDI2SVG

Tool Interoperability

• Tool interoperability

• Build a metamodel of each tool

• Write a transformation

• Two kinds of Metamodels

• Data stream oriented

• Event orientedAMMA

ATLATL

AMWAMW

AM3AM3 ATP

Tool X Tool Y

Agenda

Principles

What about the stability of MDA?

• Missing foundations may cause big problems ahead

Just an academic issue anyway?

Enter the "metamuddle"

Model of a model

The MDA metamuddle

• A very rapidly growing industrial application field since november 2000,

• … but …

• We badly need a unifying theory of models

Credits and MDA compliance

Languageengineering

Ontologyengineering

The "representation" relation

System and System elements Model and Model elements

Simple set interpretation of the repOf relationis probably as correct as simple set interpretationof the instanceOf relation in object technology.

the UML MetaModel

Class Attribute*

a UML Model

Client

Name : String

The "conformance" relation

the MOF

Class Association

source

destination

metameta meta

metameta

metamodel

"the real world"

meta-metamodel

The MOF

The UML metamodel

Some UML Models

Various usagesof these modelsM0

Summary: a Petri Net model

Metametamodel

Metamodel

NodePlace

PlaceP1

PlaceP2

NodeTrans

NodeNode

NodeLink

LinkarcPT

LinkarcTP

TransT1

arcPT arcTP

LinkinCom

LinkoutGo

Linkmeta

inCom outGo

outGo inCom

conformsTo

System

Classicalrepresentation

Metametamodel:XML Schema forXML Schema

Metamodel:a Petri NetXML Schema

Model: an XMLdocument

conformsTo

System

…<xs:element name=“place"> <xs:complexType> <xs:attribute name=“name“ type=“xs:string"/> </xs:complexType> </xs:element>…

…<xs:element name=“element"> <xs:complexType> <xs:attribute name=“name“ type=“xs:string"/> … </xs:complexType> </xs:element>…

conformsTo

Classicalrepresentation

Agenda

Deployment

AMMA: A Lightweight Architectural Style for for Generic Model Management Platforms

• ATLAS Model Management Architecture• Build around a minimal set of sound principles• Defines the conventions for the various connected tools to interoperate• Lightweight : Not reinventing CORBA (Model-based interoperability and not

Middelware-based interoperability)

• Four basic blocks:

AMMAAMMA

ATLATL AMWAMW AM3AM3 ATPATP

M. TransformationM. Composition

M. Global ManagementInter TSpaces Bridge

Atlas Model Management Architecture

• Modeling in the small– Working at the level of model and metamodel elements

• Modeling in the large– Working with models and metamodels as global entities, for what

they represent, and their mutual relations, independently of their content

– A megamodel is a model which elements represents models, metamodels and other global entities (ako model registry with metadata on models and metamodels). A megamodel has a metamodel.

ATL: a model transformation language, engine and IDE

• ATL: a MOF/QVT like model transformation language

• For more info see: http://www.sciences.univ-nantes.fr/lina/atl/

RuleR 2 B

Model Transformation with ATL

MMaGreen

MMbBlue

Metametamodel

MMa2MMb.atl

conformsTo conformsTo

conformsTo

ATL editor (part of ATL Integrated Development Environment)

ATL Development Tools: source-level debugger

The standard OMG model transformation language

ATL is a QVT-like language

If QVT is the solution,then what was the problem?

The Model Weaver: principles

OperationPort mapsTo OperationType

Left MM Weaving MM Right MM

Stub MM

Weaving model

extends

c2- Fixed mapping metamodelsare not sufficient

- We need support forextensible variable metamodels

• Model – set of elements and associations

• Associations (intra model relationships)

– Model Composition (inter model relationships)

Models

E1hasA

references

Model 1

Model 2

E3 E4isA

inherits Semantic defined in the metamodel

Undefined line semantics

Metamodel extensions

• Several possible mapping DSLs (Domain Specific Languages)

• Adding extra semantics– Concatenation, foreign keys, nested, ordered, equals,

containment,supplier/consumer, etc.

Model 1

Model 2

Equals

Concat

String

AMW example: RDBMS to XML

Semantics

SQL schema represented in Ecore

XML schema represented in Ecore

Weaving metamodel Visualization (DSL tools and EMF)

Weaving metamodel

• Minimal weaving metamodel– links and correspondences– extended to be used in different applications

-name : String-description : String

WElement

WModel-ref : StringWRef

WLinkEndWModelRef WElementRef

ownedElement (1-*)

ownedElementRef(0-*)modelRef

end (1-*)

element

parent

wovenModel (1-*)

AM3: ATLAS MegaModel Management Tool

• Megamodel: a model with elements corresponding to models, metamodels, services, tools and more generally to any global resource available in the scope of an AMMA session.

• A registry for model engineering resources as well as a metadata repository

• Megamodel with different metamodels

• Megamodels beyond typing systems

typeOf

MM’versionOf

extensionOf

Service

implements

Parameter

typeOf

output

intputetc.

Representing zones with Megamodels

MegamodelMgA

MegamodelMetamodel

MegamodelMgB

FredATLNantes

IvanMistralEnschede

Representing zones with Megamodels

MegamodelMgA

MegamodelMgB MgC

MegamodelMetamodel

ZoneBC

Initial Metamodel Proposal for AMMA Megamodel Components

Megamodel Resource Navigator for model components

• Technology Preview

ATP: TS and projectors

TSpace #1 MDA

TSpace #2 EBNF

TSpace #3 XML

TSpace #4 SQLπ1

π2 JavaCorbaSVGNLP,etc.

XMIJMICMIetc.

mmodel

grammar

program

document

XMLschema

dataSchema

ATLASTechnicalProjectors

MS/OfficeSimulinkMatlabetc.

Examples of projections from ME to XML and EBNF TSs

XML TS ME TS EBNF TS

MMa.km3

MMa.xsd

Ma.xmi

XMI KM3

Conclusions

• Transformations are models• Weavings (correspondences) are models• Megamodels are models

• (meta-)Models everywhere– A file format– A tool internal data– A Visio stencil– An Infopath Form– An API– etc.

• Pragmatics of model transformation are important• EMF and MS/DSL may be considered as two TSpaces, based

on different M3

Conclusions: AMMA on top of Eclipse and MS/DSL tools

Eclipse

Visual Studio

Team System

Eclipse

ATL IDE

ATL engine ATP

AM3 AMW

Eclipse

ATL IDE

ATL engineATL engine ATPATP

AM3 AMWATL MTF

KM3 Emfatic

etc. etc.

How adaptable is MDA?

• MDA™ already evolved a lot in the last five years.• MDA will have to evolve much more rapidly in the near future

if OMG wants to meet the real needs of the user community.• Strong competition will be coming from other technical

spaces like XML, Microsoft DSLs, EMF, etc.• End users are no more accepting huge, approximatively

defined and committee-driven standards; they are asking for an available, adapted and agile set of small standards similar to XML.

• If MDA does not evolve rapidly, it will become one small niche in the MDE landscape; it will be quoted as the first historical one; many competing families of model engineering technologies will emerge and develop.

• What is important is assessing the basic principles of MDE; The decisions of OMG, W3C, OASIS, Microsoft, IBM and others on how to map these principles on implementation frameworks (e.g. Java, C#, XML, etc.) or on paper recommendations is only the responsibility of these organizations; the end user will be the final judge.

Thanks

Questions?Comments?

http://www.sciences.univ-nantes.fr/lina/atl/

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