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©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
From Principles to Implementation:From Principles to Implementation:
Some Lessons Learned in the Some Lessons Learned in the
Building of the AMMA Model Building of the AMMA Model
Engineering PlatformEngineering Platform
Jean Bézivin Jean.Bezivin{noSpamAt}univ-nantes.fr
ATLAS Group (INRIA & LINA),University of Nantes, France
http://www.sciences.univ-nantes.fr/lina/atl/
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Model Driven EngineeringModel Driven Engineering
• ScheduleSchedule– Scope & ApplicabilityScope & Applicability– PrinciplesPrinciples– Deployment (AMMA)Deployment (AMMA)
• CreditsCredits– ModelwareModelware– Microsoft Microsoft – IBM IBM – TNITNI– SodifranceSodifrance
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Technical Space
Basic entities
System ModelrepOf
System: a group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole.
Model: an abstract representation of a system created for a specific purpose.
Technical Space: a representation system for models and a set of technical solutions to handle them.
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
The playground
Pri
ncip
les
Pri
ncip
les
Sta
nd
ard
sS
tan
dard
s
Tools
Tools
TeachingTeaching
sNets, 1990
UML, 1995
today, AMMA
MOF, 2000
tomorrow
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Principles, standards and tools
Model-Driven Engineering (MDE)
MDA™ Model-DrivenArchitecture
(OMG)
EclipseEMFGMF
MIC Model
IntegratedComputing
GME
SoftwareFactories
(MS)
MicrosoftVisual StudioTeam system
DSL Tools
OtherStandards
OtherTools
Principles
Standards
Tools
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
IBM on MDA : Three complementary ideas
1.Direct representation 2.Automation 3.Standards
Direct representation => multiple languagesDanger of fragmentation
Need coordinationHow to coordinate?
Short answer: metametamodelBut what is a metametamodel?
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Agenda
Scope
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Introduction
• The industrial evolution (OMG MDA™, IBM EMF, Microsoft Software Factories) and the MDE trend
• The need for sound principles (models as first class entities)
• Technical spaces or why MDE is not sufficient. Multiple Technical Spaces inside MDE
EMF?
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
The initial move: from Middleware to Modelware
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Latest tentative to define MDA
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Steve Cook (OOPSLA 2004 panel)
Suggests that MDA proponents fall into the following three camps:
1. The UML PIM camp: MDA involves the use of UML to build Platform Independent Models (PIMs) which are transformed into Platform Specific Models (PSMs) from which code is generated.
2. The MOF camp: MDA does not involve the use of UML, but instead the crucial technology is MOF, and the definition of modelling languages and language transformations using MOF.
3. The Executable UML camp: MDA involves building a UML compiler, making it a first class programming language.
Ref: Steve Cook Blog @: http://blogs.msdn.com/stevecook
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
MDA in a nutshell : PSM = f(PIM)
U n i v e r s i t é d e N A N T E S
M 1 , M 2 & M 3 s p a c e s
M 3
M 2
M 1
M 2
M 1
M 2
M 1 M 1M 1
- One unique Metametamodel (the MOF) - An important library of compatible Metamodels,each defining a DSL - Each of the models is defined in the language of its unique metamodel
M1
M2
M3
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
The initial MDA conjecture : PSM = f(PIM)
PIMs(PlatformIndependentModels)
PSMs(PlatformSpecificModels)
MMerging phase
PDMs(PlatformDescriptionModels)
?weaving
PSM branch
PDM branchPIM branch
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Two missing links in the OMG architecture
PSM = f(PIM, PDM)or after currying:PSM = fPDM(PIM)
PIM PDM
PSM“numeric” values:PDM = DotNetPDM = EJB
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Microsoft Software Factories
• SDK (Team System) released in late 2004– First presentation at OOPSLA, Vancouver, Oct. 2004– See S. Cook, S. Kent, J. Greenfield and K. Short Blogs
• Aims to be closer to a metaCASE tool than Eclipse – (however follow GMF Borland)
• Not UML-based (nor MOF, nor XMI)• Models strongly tied to code
– Reverse engineering/synchronization– Reliance on Microsoft’s platforms (Visual studio)
… Modeling is the future …Bill Gates
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
MDE@Microsoft
• Microsoft is releasing a suite of tools to make it easy to construct graphical designers hosted in Visual Studio for editing domain specific languages (DSL).
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Creating a Petri net DSL
Metamodel: a couple oflogical and visual definitions
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Creating a Petri net DSL
Mapping on DotNet standard tools (C#, CLS, CLR, etc.)
We are far from the initial OMG PIM/PSM naive separation
However this is really MDE in 2005
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
A first attempt to reverse engineer the DSL Metametamodel
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Microsoft DSI (Dynamic System Initiative) March 2005
• A system model captures an entire system's composition in terms of all interrelated software and hardware components.
• A system model captures knowledge as prescriptive configurations and best practices, allowing the effects of changes to the system to be tested before the changes are implemented.
• Administrators do not need to operate directly on real-world systems but rather can model changes before committing to them. In this way, “what if” scenarios can be tried without impact to a business.
• A system model becomes the point of coordination and consistency across administrators who have separate but interdependent responsibilities.
System Definition Modelis a language, or a meta-model, that is used to create models of distributed systems. A distributed system is a set of related software or software and hardware resources running on one or more computers that are working together to accomplish a common function
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
The notion of TS (Technology Space) as a tool for collaboration
• A Technology Space corresponds to:– A uniform representation system
• Syntactic trees • XML trees • Sowa graphs • UML graphs• MOF graphs• Categories• Graph Grammars
– A working context– A set of concepts– A shared knowledge and know
how– etc.
• It is usually related to a given community with an established expertise, know-how and research problems
• It has a set of associated tools and practices, etc.– Protégé, Rational Rose, …
CorbaC++
WWW
XMLdocumentware
etc.
RDBMS
Corba
Ontologies
Java
Graph Theory
MDAModelware
OOBMS
Linux
Description logic Prolog
Semantic WEB Grammarware
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Abstract Syntax Systems Compared
MOF
The UMLmeta-Model
A SpecificUML Model
A Specificphenomenon
corresponding toa UML Model
EBNF
Pascal LanguageGrammar
A specificPascal Program
A specificexecution
of a Pascal program
Technology #2(MOF + OCL)
M3
M2
M1
Technology #1(formal grammars
attribute grammars,etc.)
etc.
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
A technical space is organized around a set of conceptsTSpaces may be connected via bridgesTSpaces are often similarly organized
Program
Grammar
Data
Schema
Model
Meta-Model
Document
Schema
Ontology
Top Level O.
Syntax XML
MDA
DBMS Ontologyengineering
File
FileFormat
Drawing
Stencil
Model
Meta-Model
ToolFormat
Tool
Content
Form
FSMngt XML
MDA
Visio InfoPathBut also…
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Technical Spaces and Working Contexts
• Technical Spaces– Examples: MDE, MDA, MS/SF, EBNF, XML, DBMS, ontologies, etc. – Conjecture:
• Each TS is represented by a metametamodel • Each TS is organized in a 3 metalevel architecture
• Working contexts– Local
• MM specific – Global
• TS specific, MM independent – Universal
• Across several TSs (extended MIME notation)– Mof1.4/UML/mymodel– MicrosoftDSL/PetriNet/MyNet– ECORE/PetriNet/MyNet– EBNF/Pascal/MyProg– XML/MusicML/MyMusic– M3/M2/M1
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Models revisited
• Everything is a model– A -model meaning any specific TSpace– An XML document is an XML-model – A Java source program is a Java-model– An UML model is a MDA-model – etc.
• Each TSpace is rooted in a metametamodel (M3) defining a representation scheme and basic type system.
• Distinguish between intra-space and inter-space operations
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Model transformation across Technical Spaces
• There is a need for inter-TS model transformation.
A TS B TS
C TS D TS
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Agenda
Applicability
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Some examples of transformations
• Classical– UML2Java– UML2RDBMS
• But also tool to tool (more important)– UML Activity Diagrams to MS Project
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
The KM3 metamodel (simplified)
+name : String
ModelElement
Package
+package 1
+contents
*
Classifier
DataType
+isAbstract : Boolean
Class
+supertypes
*
+lower : Integer+upper : Integer+isOrdered : Boolean+isUnique : Boolean
StructuralFeature
Attribute
+isContainer : Boolean
Reference
+opposite
0..1
+owner
1
+structuralFeatures
*
+type
1
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
KM3 definition of the KM3 metamodelpackage KM3 {
abstract class ModelElement extends LocatedElement { attribute name : String; reference "package" : Package oppositeOf contents; }
class Package extends ModelElement { reference contents[*] ordered container : ModelElement oppositeOf "package"; }
class Classifier extends ModelElement {}
class DataType extends Classifier {}
class Class extends Classifier { attribute isAbstract : Boolean; reference supertypes[*] : Class; reference structuralFeatures[*] ordered container : StructuralFeature
oppositeOf owner; }
-- continued on next slide
NOT XMI(Emfatic-like)
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Java to Excel Transformation (call graph)
FirstClass.java SecondClasss.java
public class FirstClass {public void fc_m1(){}public void fc_m2(){
this.fc_m1();this.fc_m1();
}}
public class SecondClass {public void sc_m1(){
FirstClass a = new FirstClass();
a.fc_m1();}public void sc_m2(){
this.sc_m1();}
}
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Java and Table Metamodels
JavaSource
+name
NamedElement
ClassDeclaration
MethodDefinition MethodInvocation
1
+classes*
0..1 +invocations *
+class0..1
+methods*
1
+method
*
Table
Row
+content
Cell
1
+rows*
1
+cells
*
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
UMLDI2SVG
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Tool Interoperability
• Tool interoperability
• Build a metamodel of each tool
• Write a transformation
• Two kinds of Metamodels
• Data stream oriented
• Event orientedAMMA
AMMA
ATLATL
AMWAMW
AM3AM3 ATP
ATP
Tool X Tool Y
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Agenda
Principles
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
What about the stability of MDA?
• Missing foundations may cause big problems ahead
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Just an academic issue anyway?
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Enter the "metamuddle"
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Model of a model
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
The MDA metamuddle
• A very rapidly growing industrial application field since november 2000,
• … but …
• We badly need a unifying theory of models
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Credits and MDA compliance
Languageengineering
Ontologyengineering
MDE
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
The "representation" relation
repOf
System and System elements Model and Model elements
Simple set interpretation of the repOf relationis probably as correct as simple set interpretationof the instanceOf relation in object technology.
?
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
the UML MetaModel
Class Attribute*
1
a UML Model
Client
Name : String
The "conformance" relation
M2
M1
the MOF
Class Association
source
destination
M3
c2
c2
c2
metameta meta
metameta
metamodel
model
"the real world"
meta-metamodel
The MOF
The UML metamodel
Some UML Models
Various usagesof these modelsM0
M1
M2
M3
meta
meta
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Summary: a Petri Net model
Metametamodel
Metamodel
Model
NodePlace
PlaceP1
PlaceP2
NodeTrans
NodeNode
NodeLink
LinkarcPT
LinkarcTP
TransT1
arcPT arcTP
LinkinCom
LinkoutGo
outGo
outGo
inCom
inCom
Linkmeta
outGo
inCom
inCom outGo
outGo inCom
conformsTo
conformsTo
conformsTo
meta
repOf
System
P2
P1
T1
Classicalrepresentation
M1
M2
M3
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
<petrinet> <place name=“P1”/> <place name=“P2”/> <transition name=“T1”/> <arcPT source=“P1” target=“T1”/> <arcTP source=“T1” target=“P2/></petrinet>
Metametamodel:XML Schema forXML Schema
Metamodel:a Petri NetXML Schema
Model: an XMLdocument
conformsTo
conformsTo
meta
repOf
System
…<xs:element name=“place"> <xs:complexType> <xs:attribute name=“name“ type=“xs:string"/> </xs:complexType> </xs:element>…
…<xs:element name=“element"> <xs:complexType> <xs:attribute name=“name“ type=“xs:string"/> … </xs:complexType> </xs:element>…
conformsTo
P2
P1
T1
Classicalrepresentation
M1
M2
M3
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Agenda
Deployment
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
AMMA: A Lightweight Architectural Style for for Generic Model Management Platforms
• ATLAS Model Management Architecture• Build around a minimal set of sound principles• Defines the conventions for the various connected tools to interoperate• Lightweight : Not reinventing CORBA (Model-based interoperability and not
Middelware-based interoperability)
• Four basic blocks:
AMMAAMMA
ATLATL AMWAMW AM3AM3 ATPATP
M. TransformationM. Composition
M. Global ManagementInter TSpaces Bridge
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Atlas Model Management Architecture
• Modeling in the small– Working at the level of model and metamodel elements
• Modeling in the large– Working with models and metamodels as global entities, for what
they represent, and their mutual relations, independently of their content
– A megamodel is a model which elements represents models, metamodels and other global entities (ako model registry with metadata on models and metamodels). A megamodel has a metamodel.
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
ATL: a model transformation language, engine and IDE
• ATL: a MOF/QVT like model transformation language
• For more info see: http://www.sciences.univ-nantes.fr/lina/atl/
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
G 2 P
RuleR 2 B
Rule
Model Transformation with ATL
Ma Mb
MMaGreen
Node
Red
Node
MMbBlue
Node
Pink
Node
Metametamodel
Node
Node
ATL
Rule
Node
MMa2MMb.atl
conformsTo conformsTo
conformsTo conformsTo
conformsTo
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
ATL editor (part of ATL Integrated Development Environment)
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
ATL Development Tools: source-level debugger
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
The standard OMG model transformation language
ATL is a QVT-like language
If QVT is the solution,then what was the problem?
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
The Model Weaver: principles
OperationPort mapsTo OperationType
Left MM Weaving MM Right MM
Stub MM
Weaving model
extends
c2- Fixed mapping metamodelsare not sufficient
- We need support forextensible variable metamodels
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
• Model – set of elements and associations
• Associations (intra model relationships)
– Model Composition (inter model relationships)
Models
E1hasA
references
E2
E3
Model
E1 E2
E3
Model 1
E1 E2
Model 2
isA
E3 E4isA
E4
inherits Semantic defined in the metamodel
Undefined line semantics
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Metamodel extensions
• Several possible mapping DSLs (Domain Specific Languages)
• Adding extra semantics– Concatenation, foreign keys, nested, ordered, equals,
containment,supplier/consumer, etc.
E1
E2
E2
Model 1
E1 E2
Model 2
E3 E4
Equals
Concat
String
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
AMW example: RDBMS to XML
Semantics
SQL schema represented in Ecore
XML schema represented in Ecore
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Weaving metamodel Visualization (DSL tools and EMF)
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Weaving metamodel
• Minimal weaving metamodel– links and correspondences– extended to be used in different applications
-name : String-description : String
WElement
WModel-ref : StringWRef
WLinkEndWModelRef WElementRef
WLink
mod
el
ownedElement (1-*)
ownedElementRef(0-*)modelRef
end (1-*)
link
element
parent
child
(0-*
)
wovenModel (1-*)
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
AM3: ATLAS MegaModel Management Tool
• Megamodel: a model with elements corresponding to models, metamodels, services, tools and more generally to any global resource available in the scope of an AMMA session.
• A registry for model engineering resources as well as a metadata repository
• Megamodel with different metamodels
• Megamodels beyond typing systems
MM
M
typeOf
MM’versionOf
MM’
extensionOf
Tool
Service
implements
Parameter
typeOf
input
output
TM
output
intputetc.
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Representing zones with Megamodels
ZoneA
MegamodelMgA
repOf
MegamodelMetamodel
c2
ZoneB
MegamodelMgB
repOf
c2
FredATLNantes
IvanMistralEnschede
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Representing zones with Megamodels
ZoneA
MegamodelMgA
repOf
ZoneB
MegamodelMgB MgC
repOf
ZoneC
MegamodelMetamodel
c2 c2
ZoneBC
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Initial Metamodel Proposal for AMMA Megamodel Components
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Megamodel Resource Navigator for model components
• Technology Preview
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
ATP: TS and projectors
TSpace #1 MDA
TSpace #2 EBNF
TSpace #3 XML
TSpace #4 SQLπ1
π3
π2 JavaCorbaSVGNLP,etc.
XMIJMICMIetc.
model
mmodel
grammar
program
document
XMLschema
dataSchema
data
ATLASTechnicalProjectors
MS/OfficeSimulinkMatlabetc.
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Examples of projections from ME to XML and EBNF TSs
XML TS ME TS EBNF TS
MOF
MMa
Ma
EBNF
KM3.g
MMa.km3
XSD
MMa.xsd
Ma.xmi
XMI KM3
M3
M2
M1
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Conclusions
• Transformations are models• Weavings (correspondences) are models• Megamodels are models
• (meta-)Models everywhere– A file format– A tool internal data– A Visio stencil– An Infopath Form– An API– etc.
• Pragmatics of model transformation are important• EMF and MS/DSL may be considered as two TSpaces, based
on different M3
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Conclusions: AMMA on top of Eclipse and MS/DSL tools
Eclipse
EMF
AMMA
Visual Studio
Team System
AMMA
Eclipse
EMF
ATL IDE
ATL engine ATP
AM3 AMW
Eclipse
EMF
ATL IDE
ATL engineATL engine ATPATP
AM3 AMWATL MTF
KM3 Emfatic
etc. etc.
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
How adaptable is MDA?
• MDA™ already evolved a lot in the last five years.• MDA will have to evolve much more rapidly in the near future
if OMG wants to meet the real needs of the user community.• Strong competition will be coming from other technical
spaces like XML, Microsoft DSLs, EMF, etc.• End users are no more accepting huge, approximatively
defined and committee-driven standards; they are asking for an available, adapted and agile set of small standards similar to XML.
• If MDA does not evolve rapidly, it will become one small niche in the MDE landscape; it will be quoted as the first historical one; many competing families of model engineering technologies will emerge and develop.
• What is important is assessing the basic principles of MDE; The decisions of OMG, W3C, OASIS, Microsoft, IBM and others on how to map these principles on implementation frameworks (e.g. Java, C#, XML, etc.) or on paper recommendations is only the responsibility of these organizations; the end user will be the final judge.
©2005 ATLAS NantesHow Adaptable is MDA? CTIT Symposium, University of Twente
Thanks
Questions?Comments?
http://www.sciences.univ-nantes.fr/lina/atl/